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Structure of the PEP core Chloroplasts originated ~1.5 billion years ago when an ancient cyanobacterium was engulfed by a eukaryotic host cell. A typical bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) has five core subunits: 2α subunits, β, β', and ω. The RNAP β' subunit is split into two proteins...
This holds promise for a new paradigm shift in biologic therapy via the use of next-generation anti-TNFα agents. Ozoralizumab, a next-generation anti-TNFα agent that was recently approved in Japan, comprises a variable region heavy-chain format. It has a completely different structure from ...
Full-length IDOL consists of 445 amino acids, organized in two functional domains: an N-terminal FERM domain and a C-terminal RING domain (Fig. 1A) (12, 14, 28). To study IDOL ligase activity and its structure, recombinant full-length human IDOL protein was purified from insect cells. ...
Classical cadherins mediate cell-cell adhesion through calcium-dependent homophilic interactions and are activated through cleavage of a prosequence in the late Golgi. We present here the first three-dimensional structure of a classical cadherin prosequence, solved by NMR. The prototypic prosequence of...
They are not possible to produce using traditional synthetic chemistry approaches because of their size and complex higher-order structure. Instead, a host cell is genetically engineered to express the target macromolecule. While monoclonal antibodies are the dominant type of biopharmaceutical molecule, ...
CD5 is a pan-T cell surface marker that is also present on a subset of B cells, B-1a cells.Functional and developmental subsets of T cells express characteristic CD5 levels that vary over roughly a 30-fold range. Previous investigators have cloned a 1.7
We and others have shown that a recombinant protein representing a portion of the first type III repeat (protein III1-C) can affect fibronectin matrix assembly and cell growth [2–4, 16]. Moreover, a mutant recombinant fibronectin molecule that is lacking the first seven type III repeats ...
The human ABC transporter ABCG2 (Breast Cancer Resistance Protein, BCRP) is implicated in anticancer resistance, in detoxification across barriers and linked to gout. Here, we generate a novel atomic model of ABCG2 using the crystal structure of ABCG5/G8
Numerous studies have used human pluripotent stem cell-derived cerebral organoids to elucidate the mystery of human brain development and model neurological diseases in vitro, but the potential for grafted organoid-based therapy in vivo remains unknown. Here, we optimized a culturing protocol capable ...