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We start by defining cooperation in the evolutionary sense, noting that the evolutionary definition of cooperation differs from how the term is often used in virology. We then define cheating, discuss how both cooperation and cheating can occur in viruses, and show how to test experimentally whethe...
1. Defining the Ecology of Viruses 2. An Introduction to Viral Taxonomy and the Proposal of Akamara, a Potential Domain for the Genomic Acellular Agents 3. Virus Morphology, Replication, and Assembly 4. An Introduction to the Evolutionary Ecology of Viruses Section II. Viruses of Other Microorga...
Of all the potential zoonotic threats, those from RNA viruses are the highest. Owing to their high reproduction number (> 2 for the SARS-CoV-2) [27] and even faster evolutionary trends [15], these viruses can breach species barrier more frequently and successfully than other infectious agents...
mice we also observed a subset of pre and immature -T cells, as well as a subset of NK cells (Fig.1G, IandS1I; DataS1). The absence of NK cells in NMR bone marrow, in contrast to their notable proportion in mouse bone marrow, further supports our premise of their evolutionary loss...
The pathogenicity of BQ.1.1 in hamsters is lower than that of BA.5. Our multiscale investigations illuminate the evolutionary rules governing the convergent evolution for known Omicron lineages as of 2022.Similar content being viewed by others Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XBB ...
Recombinant HEV71 infection may become more serious public health threat for children under the age of 5 in China, because little is known about the genetics and transmission trend of this fasting mutating virus. To tackle the increasing threat, there is an urgent need for establishing an ...
Evolutionary implications of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for the future design of vaccination strategies. Commun. Med. 2023, 3, 86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] Kane, Y.; Wong, G.; Gao, G.F. Animal Models, Zoonotic Reservoirs, and Cross-Species Transmission of Emerging Human-Infecting...
“hotspots”. This pattern is different from those of influenza B RNA viruses, whose evolution is primarily driven by reassortments and insertions–deletions [12,13]. Of note, writing a review paper on this topic is a very challenging task, primarily because of the overwhelming number of SARS...