Geographically, the range of research focuses on the viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru, and New Granada.\nThe resulting recordsboth documentary and archaeologicaloffer us a variety of vantage points from which to view each of these cultural groups as they came into contact with others. Much less...
The Crown could have had the viceroyalties swap roles, with Peru paying the situados while New Spain contracted public debt and sent bullion to Castile. But the system was too rigid to make a change of that size. Since the previous century, the Crown had sent its most capable officials to...
Until the 19th century, Spanish America was divided into viceroyalties and governed through a Council of the Indies in Spain. The viceroys were not just governors, they were the king of Spain’s representative and therefore, were treated as royalty. This system of “under-kings” was ...
in slavery and the exploitation of natives and Africans to work on plantations and mines to produce goods to send back to the mother country. England did include their colonies in the trans-atlantic trade system, however, Spain restricted trade from their colonies to minimize the power the ...
I have reproduced the Viceroys of the four Viceroyalties and the Governors of Cuba (since they start early and last all the way to 1898). Mr. Ruiz-Castillo Galán lists his sources as Crónica de América, Guillem Burrel y Floriá (director) [Plaza & Janés Editores, SA (1990), ...
Geographically, the range of research focuses on the viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru, and New Granada.\nThe resulting recordsboth documentary and archaeologicaloffer us a variety of vantage points from which to view each of these cultural groups as they came into contact with others. Much less...
sedentary areas of Mexico and Peru - two great viceroyalties of Nueva España and Nueva Castillacontact with Europeans - devastating native peoples in many wayscoercive labor systems - economy of the indies, Europeans' use of native and African labor...
Spanish viceroyalties and Portuguese territories in the Americas, 1780 A series of governmental reforms complicated Peru’s problems in the 18th century. TheBourbondynasty, which in 1700 had replaced theHabsburgsas rulers ofSpain, undertook a program of reform during the 18th century, seeking to pro...
Spanish viceroyalties and Portuguese territories in the Americas, 1780(more) The Latin American independence movement was launched a year after Bolívar’s return, as Napoleon’s invasion of Spain unsettled Spanish authority. Napoleon also failed completely in his attempt to gain the support of the ...