Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its conquered lands in the New World. Established in 1535, it initially included all land north of the Isthmus of Panama under Spanish control. This later came to
Viceroyalty of Peru, the second of the four viceroyalties that Spain created to govern its domains in the Americas. Established in 1543, the viceroyalty initially included all of South America under Spanish control except for the coast of what is now Ven
Spanish viceroyalties and Portuguese territories in the Americas, 1780(more) A series of governmental reforms complicated Peru’s problems in the 18th century. The Bourbon dynasty, which in 1700 had replaced the Habsburgs as rulers of Spain, undertook a program of reform during the 18th century,...
Spanish viceroyalties and Portuguese territories in the Americas, 1780(more) The Latin American independence movement was launched a year after Bolívar’s return, as Napoleon’s invasion of Spain unsettled Spanish authority. Napoleon also failed completely in his attempt to gain the support of the ...
Defiance of such powerful groups paved the way for the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. The settlements were abandoned; the Indigenous people were absorbed by either the landed estates or the jungle; the settlements fell into ruin; and economic activity ceased. Spanish viceroyalties and ...