Withdrawal symptoms declined immediately after smoking or using IQOSTM, and with some delay after vaping. IQOSTM scored higher in terms of subjective reward/satisfaction and was slightly preferred to the e-cigarette. Discussion: Short-term use of IQOSTM has a minimal impact on eCO, is equally ...
(CVD) risk by leading to endothelial injury. E-cigarettes remain a popular way to stop smoking. Evidence on their effect on cardiovascular health is growing but remains limited, particularly in the short-term. The main objective of this study was to compare short-term cardiovascular effects in ...
a significant gap persists in the literature regarding the impact of contemporary media, specifically oral-health-related content, on the engagement in oral health prevention among Chinese college students. To address this gap, this study, guided by the extended knowledge–attitude–practice (KAP) the...