s behavioural pattern and properties. optics is a branch of physics that deals with the determination of behaviour and the properties of light, along with its interactions with the matter and also with the instruments which are used to detect it. optics, in a simple manner, is used to ...
The x-ray source may emit x-rays towards an optic system, which can include one or more optics that are matched to one or more target microstructures. The matching can be achieved by selecting optics with the geometric shape, size, and surface coating that collects as many x-rays as ...
1.1 The Fresnel formulae When a single ray of light emitted from a light source arrives at an optical element situated in space, a reflected ray and a transmitted ray are generated. The Fresnel formulae can be used to represent their energy. -1- Consider a ray arriving from a homogenous,...
determined to be 0.956(3), resulting in a chemical formula of Cs2NaY(Pr)F(O)5.736□0.264, where □ represents anion vacancies. We stress that the existence of a trace amount of Gd3+in the phosphor, owing to the unavoidable contaminant by the precursors (the Y and/or Pr precursors), doe...
Compound Alternative NamesChemical Compound NameChemical Formula***Source/Reference NV Neutral Verdigris Copper(II) Acetate Monohydrate (a) Cu (CH3COO)2. H2O (b) [Cu (CH3OO)2] . H2O Commercial Verdigris; ICDD PDF 27-1126 BV1 Basic Verdigris 1; Basic Verdigris D*; Basic Verdigris (132...
The primary beam is pre-filtered with a 0.4 mm hafnium (Hf) sheet and collimated before reaching the optics using a lead aperture. Here, the Hf K-edge absorption is used to attenuate low- and high-energy components of the primary beam. 3.1.3. Converging Optics with Bent HOPG/HAPG ...
The degree of circular polarization (𝑃circPcirc), without distinction between left and right, can be evaluated by the formula 𝑃circ=1−𝑃2lin−−−−−−√Pcirc=1-Plin2. The efficiency and the relative transmission of the 16 detectors were normalized by analyzing the ...
where 𝐹𝐼 (𝐼𝐴,𝐼𝐵)FI IA,IB stands for the amount of feature information transferred from image 𝐼𝐴IA to image 𝐼𝐵IB; 𝐹𝐼FI, in Formula (19), can be calculated as follows: 𝐹𝐼(𝐼𝐴𝐶,𝐼𝐹)=∑𝐼𝐴𝐶,𝐼𝐹[ 𝑝𝐼𝐴𝐶,𝐼𝐹(𝑖...