Optics is the branch of physics which is concerned with light and it's behavioural pattern and properties. Visit BYJU’S to learn about ray optics, spherical mirrors, optical instruments and more.
The mathematic formulas to calculate the grain orientation are as follows: (I) Diffraction Vector Calculation V_1:=(X_1-D·sin(A_1)-Y_1·cos(A_1)D·cos(A_1)+Y_1·sin(A_1)) (II) Crystal Plane Normal Vector Calculation N_2:=[(...
In high-resolution diffractometers, X-ray beams are conditioned by X-ray optics based on single or multiple crystals, and goniometers with accuracies of 10−4degrees both on the sample and the detector rotation axes are used. By this technique, it is by far more convenient to ...
M. Coherent X-Ray Optics (New York: Oxford University, 2006). Nugent, K. A. Coherent methods in the X-ray sciences. Adv. Phys. 59, 1–99 (2010). Article ADS Google Scholar Bronnikov, A. V. Reconstruction formulas in phase-contrast tomography. Opt. Commun. 171, 239–244 (1999)....
Density and other important physical properties have been measured and calculated using related methods and formulas. Moreover, X-ray diffraction have been utilized for all samples to explore the structure of these glasses, the XRD profile have been recorded between 10° to 80° for all samples,...
X-ray detectors are widely used in imaging systems for medical diagnosis or safety screening; hence, spatial resolution is an important parameter for evaluating their performance. It is usually defined as the number of distinguishable line pairs (alternating black and white lines) per millimeter, sta...
This research investigates chemical alteration in the important historical pigment called verdigris, both in the form of neutral verdigris (Cu(II) (CH3COO)2 . H2O) and basic verdigris (Cu(II)x(CH3COO)y(OH)z.nH2O), using reference pigment powders and historically relevant “mock-up”...
X-ray spectromicroscopy with a full-field imaging technique is a powerful method for chemical analysis of heterogeneous complex materials with a nano-scale spatial resolution. For imaging optics, an X-ray reflective optical system has excellent capabilit
In physics, ray tracing is a method for calculating the path of waves or particles through a system with regions of varying propagation velocity, absorption characteristics, and reflecting surfaces. Under these circumstances, wavefronts may bend, change direction, or reflect off surfaces, complicating...
The poor 5-year survival rate for bladder cancers is associated with the lack of efficient diagnostic and treatment techniques. Despite cystoscopy-assisted photomedicine and external radiation being promising modalities to supplement or replace surgery,