Nature of Radiation : Energy and MatterMichael J. Pidwirny
Ionization and electron excitation were previously described as predominant mechanisms by which a traveling beta particle may lose its kinetic energy in matter (see Chapter 12:“Beta Radiation and Beta Decay”). However, the production of bremsstrahlung may also be another significant mechanism for the...
There are many different forms of energy such as radiant, gravitational, electrical, and sound energy. Thermal energy, or heat, is one type of energy. Temperature is used to measure heat, but what exactly is heat? Heat is a measurement of how fast atoms are moving. As the temperature incr...
Figure 1. Most of the heat transfer from this fire to the observers is through infrared radiation. The visible light, although dramatic, transfers relatively little thermal energy. Convection transfers energy away from the observers as hot air rises, while conduction is negligibly slow here. Skin...
CarloautomaticSIMULATORradiationtransportRADIOTHERAPYdose-depthanalysisWe have faced the challenge of developing a tool devoted to simulate the transport of photons and accelerated particles(ionizing radiation entities)inside matter,where the choice of transporting medium shall be free for the user and non-...
Objects at finite temperature emit thermal radiation with an outward energy–momentum flow, which exerts an outward radiation pressure. At room temperature, a caesium atom scatters on average less than one of these blackbody radiation photons every 108 y
Matter rays Unlike X rays and gamma rays, some high-energy radiations travel at less than the speed of light. Some of these were identified initially by their particulate nature and only later were shown to travel with wavelike character. One example of this kind of radiation is the ...
Blackbody radiation, energy radiated by any object or system that absorbs all incident radiation. The term usually refers to the spectrum of light emitted by any heated object; common examples include the heating element of a toaster and the filament of
Also known as: elementary particle physics, high-energy physics Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via...
by air activation but their contribution is generally small due to the low cross section of the process, low abundance of target nuclide, high threshold energy, and short half-life of the radionuclide produced or exceedingly long half-life, so that the activity during the irradiation session is...