A successful definition of quasi-local energy (QLE) was given by Brown and York =-=[6]-=-. A spacelike three-dimensional hypersurface Σ is embedded in a four-dimensional spacetime M which satisfies the Einstein field equations. This embedding defines the ”time-direction”. Finally, a two...
Thermal radiation refers to the mode of heat transfer that occurs in various practical scenarios such as power plants, combustion chambers, and heat exchangers. It involves the transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves emitted by objects due to their temperature. ...
The semi-classical derivation of Planck’s function begins with a box of oscillators at a given temperature and seems (if I understand correctly) to derive the energy flux (per unit volume per solid angle, if my dimensional analysis is correct) emitted in all directions from ...
(1) Three-dimensional imaging of FBM1/2 (1a, 1b). (2) The orange areas represent the delineation range of FBM1 (1c, 1d, 1e). (3)The pink areas represent the delineation range of FBM2 (1f, 1 g, 1 h) Full size image Chemotherapy regimens Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (1–4 courses)...
Einstein assumed that a photon would penetrate the material and transfer its energy to anelectron. As the electron moved through the metal at high speed and finally emerged from the material, its kinetic energy would diminish by an amount ϕ called thework function(similar to theelectronic work...
Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely used tumor treatment that utilizes high-energy ionizing radiation to generate DNA damage in tumor cells16,17. Owing to low systemic side effects and definite curative effects, about 50% of tumor patients would receive radiation therapy18. Extensive studies have confirm...
energy of the incident atom in the CM frame. This integral cannot be calculated analytically for general interatomic screening potentials and hence a time-consuming numerical integration is performed45. An analytical approximation formula (such as the MAGIC approximation45) or a lookup table method (...
Energy calibration of the spectrometer, the attenuation coefficient measurements, calculations of half value layer, tenth value layer, mean free path, and measurements of the radiation shielding efficiency were explained in detail in the subsection. Energy calibration of the spectrometer Energy calibration...
The system is solved using the bvp4c approach to solve a dimensional less two-point boundary value problem derived from the governing equations. The effect of effective factors on the Bejan number, entropy generation rate, temperature, and velocity are depicted in graphs. According to our analysis...
The method is analytical, involves a single irradiation of the object at a plurality of incidences in order to obtain a first three-dimensional image of the total radiation received