Which organelles are involved in protein synthesis? Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that may degrade different kinds of macromolecules? a. Chloroplast. b. Endoplasmic reticulum. c. Mitochondrion. d. Lysosome. e. Golgi body. Which cell organelles produce enzyme...
There are hundreds of genes encoding serial pentatricopeptide repeats (PPRs) in a typical higher plant and this family of genes is essential for various steps of RNA maturation1,2. Many PPR genes in plants also encode a C-terminal domain dubbed the DYW-deaminase domain (Pfam: Pf14432) after...
In the crystal structure the overall length of calmodulin is 65 Å, and the two lobes are connected by a seven-turn α-helix. The central helix tethers the two lobes and its flexibility allows them to wrap around the amphiphilic peptide analog of the calmodulin binding region of smooth ...
Triacylglycerols (TG) are synthesized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer and packaged into organelles called lipid droplets (LDs). LDs are covered by a single phospholipid monolayer contiguous with the ER bilayer. This connection is used by several monotopic integral membrane proteins, with hyd...
The process of autophagy involves the sequestration of cytoplasmic constituents and intracellular organelles within newly generated double membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which are then delivered to and fuse with lysosomes for degradation and recycling of their contents [121]. Cells maintain a low...
Are all proteins made in the cell shipped out? What % of plasma is a protein and what are the different plasma proteins? Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in the cytoplasm in which: a. proteins are deaminated. b. proteins are synthesized. c. prote...
Circular RNAs (CircRNAs) are single-stranded, covalently closed RNA molecules that are ubiquitous across species ranging from viruses to mammals. Important advances have been made in the biogenesis, regulation, localization, degradation and modification of circRNAs. CircRNAs exert biological functions by ...
A class of such molecular chaperones are called heat shock proteins (HSP), which are synthesized in response to several stresses including low tempera- ture, osmotic, salinity, oxidative, desiccation, high intensity irradiations, wounding, and heavy metals stresses1–3. The role of HSPs during ...
Opium poppy accumulates copious amounts of several benzylisoquinoline alkaloids including morphine, noscapine, and papaverine, in the specialized cytoplasm of laticifers, which compose an internal secretory system associated with phloem throughout the pl
Aberrantly high levels of certain HSP classes are characteristic in cancer cells, and the converse situation typically applies for type 2 diabetes or various neurodegenerative diseases. HSPs reside not only in the cytosol, but also in the cellular organelles. Discussed as a central theme of this ...