To enhance the control performance of a wire-controlled steering system, an improved sparrow search algorithm for fine-tuning the gains of a proportional–integral–derivative (SSA-PID) steering motor control algorithm is proposed. Mathematical models of
Kp, Ki, and Kd represent the proportional, integral, and derivative gain of the PID controller, respectively. Ee could represent the external error or environmental error that affects the attitude and position of the UAV. E generally stands for the error signal, which is the difference between ...
integral+=𝐾𝐼∗errorintegral+=KI∗error 23: derivative=𝐾𝐷∗(error−previous_error)derivative=KD∗(error−previous_error) 24: adjustment = proportional + integral + derivative 25: adjusted_target = 𝑄(𝑠𝑗,𝑎𝑗;𝜃)Q(sj,aj;θ) + adjustment 26: previous_error = er...
integral+=𝐾𝐼∗errorintegral+=KI∗error 23: derivative=𝐾𝐷∗(error−previous_error)derivative=KD∗(error−previous_error) 24: adjustment = proportional + integral + derivative 25: adjusted_target = 𝑄(𝑠𝑗,𝑎𝑗;𝜃)Q(sj,aj;θ) + adjustment 26: previous_error = er...
integral+=𝐾𝐼∗errorintegral+=KI∗error 23: derivative=𝐾𝐷∗(error−previous_error)derivative=KD∗(error−previous_error) 24: adjustment = proportional + integral + derivative 25: adjusted_target = 𝑄(𝑠𝑗,𝑎𝑗;𝜃)Q(sj,aj;θ) + adjustment 26: previous_error = er...
Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controllers have a wide range of applications in the field of RFA temperature control due to their simple structure and easy implementation [15,16,17,18]. However, the temperature system for RFA has characteristics such as non-linearity and hysteresis, wherea...