The Q10 coefficient represents the increase in soil respiration as temperature increases by 10 °C, and is commonly used to assess warming effects on soil C losses and to model soil C dynamics58,59,60. Soil respiration rates were measured after short-term (10 h) incubations in ...
To be able to use the functional size in contracts, it must be measured in an objective, repeatable, verifiable and therefore defensible way. That being the case, the industry's best practice is to use an ISO/IEC standard for functional size measurement, e.g. Nesma, COSMIC or IFPUG ...
is already structuring roles and responsibilities around problems to solve rather than around a set of repeatable tasks.13As production becomes increasingly digitized, the creative and problem-solving skills needed to manage and work with new technologies can’t be as easily measured with existing ...
The manager should make sure that his employees understand how their performance is measured. An effective manager should discuss the goals and objectives of the work with his employees. The employees should receive quarterly or annual bonus against how well they perform against measurable goals. The...
Output is measured as output, sales or value added Value added Output and sales + + D. Sample characteristics Mid-point of data period is 1980 or after Yes No +/− +/− Firm size Small firms Mixed-size firms – – French, German, UK and US firm or industry data Country(i) data...
Similarly, we model prominence, defined as the number of high-impact publications, as a joint function of individual latent parameters (Fig.1a). Mathematically, researcher prominence is modeled by a Binomial distribution, parameterized by the sum of the latent individual prominencesθiandθjof the...
Boost public-sector productivity.Since 1997, public-sector productivity growth (as measured by the Office for National Statistics) has been flat, falling behind the rest of the economy.12A 10 percent productivity improvement across government could yield £50 billion per year. Money could be better...
Economists see productivity as the key source ofeconomic growthand competitiveness, whether it is being measured in a business, an industry, or a nation. A country’s ability to improve its standard of living depends on its ability to raise itsoutput per worker. This does not necessarily mean ...
Recent research suggests that much of the cross-firm variation in measured productivity is due to differences in use of advanced management practices. Many of these practices – including monitoring, goal setting, and the use of incentives – are mediated through employee decision-making and effort....
We measured productivity variables including GERD-specific absence from work, reduced productivity while at work and reduced productivity while carrying out regular daily activities other than work during the preceding week. Results The analysis included 217 patients, of whom 71% (n = 153) were ...