The N400 has also been examined in relation to a number of different aspects of L2 processing. For example, recent studies have shown that during a novel language learning paradigm, the brain reveals the emergence of an N400 even when there is no observable learning in behavior (McLaughlin et...
Reading times and N400 amplitude suggested inferential revision is less efficient in the L2 compared to the L1. Importantly, these effects were modulated by individual differences in cognitive control and L2 proficiency. More efficient L1 comprehension was related to a balance between proactive and ...
Larger priming and N400 effects were found for auditory than for visual stimuli1, but no topographic differences were found between the two modalities. In this study, we reexamine the relationship between stimulus modality in conjunction with the effects of grammatical class on the behavioral and ...
Results: Results showed faster reaction times (RTs) in congruent conditions, especially when the negative target was preceded by a pain prime rather than a positive one. ERPs analyses showed no effect of pain at an early-stage processing (N400), but a larger waveform when t...
Additionally, based on previous N400 literature47, we hypothesized that older participants would show a specific detrimental effect in their ability to preactivate semantic features of upcoming words, and that this effect would correlate with behavioural measures of verbal fluency—for example, the ...
(1.08 µV). We additionally found an N400 in all conditions peaking at 469 ms (target), 484 (passive), and 500 ms (active). A negative deflection before the error onset appears in thetargetcondition,correcttrials (black) do not show any distinct error-related response. Additionally, we ...
The analysis of reading time 2 demonstrates that, upon their appearance, quotes create a processing burden and lead to significantly longer reading times across the board and independently from the meaning specification. This becomes evident, for instance, in the descriptive analysis in Figure 3 and...
N400The present study examined Morphological Family Size effects in first and second language processing. Items with a high or low Dutch (L1) Family Size were contrasted in four experiments involving Dutch-English bilinguals. In two experiments, reaction times (RTs) were collected in English (L2)...
In accordance with this, behavioural studies showed that skilled readers are tuned to the standard spacing37 and increasing letter spacing to more than 1.5 times the normal spacing leads to reduced reading speed in skilled readers28,30,38. However, the same manipula- tion has no effect or even...
Seeing that all linguistic accounts of polarity constructions agree that polarity is a semantic/pragmatic phenomenon, polarity violations can be seen to induce semantic integration problems (see Kutas & Van Petten, 1994, for an overview). Accordingly, we expect an N400 ERP effect. We cannot be ...