The basic argument is as follows. In many countries, governments prevent households from falling below a certain minimum income in old age,pmin, by applying a “gap formula” that subsidizes old-age income according to the difference between the annuity value of own accumulated assets at retirem...
Other variables include: POPit is the population, Affit is the population affected by geological disasters, PDit is the ratio of population to the total area of low and moderate geological hazard susceptibility areas, and PORPit is the proportion of the rural population per thousand people. Table...
When it belongs to energy poverty, the intensity is the ratio of the energy consumption expenditure gap to the energy poverty line. When Expendituremt=Poverty linem, it means that the energy consumption expenditure gap is 0, which meets the basic needs of per a capita energy consumption ...
D High-burden tuberculosis countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region according to the World Health Organization E Target completion ratio of eight high-burden countries. In A–D the colored dashed lines parallel to the X-axis represent the tuberculosis control targets for the corresponding ...
Energy poverty, especially in rural areas, has become a central focus of scholarly and policy discussions. However, there is a significant gap in understanding the impact of religious beliefs on this phenomenon. This paper aims to fill this gap by utiliz
1, the magnitude of this gap widened over time. It is well documented that China's nationwide income inequality was mainly dominated by the urban-rural income disparity. Fig. 2 depicts the urban-rural income ratio (measured by average per capita household income in urban areas divided by ...
If all school-age children who are currently deprived of education are enrolled, the multidimensional child poverty headcount ratio would decrease by 2.2%, with a larger effect of 3.2% on monetary child poverty headcount ratio. These represent moderate decreases in the multidimensional poverty ...
From this formula, the latent dependent variable is derived from the latent concept of the MCP, which was defined by different sets of poverty dimensions and indicators in Table 2 above, based on the Children’s Rights. The LCA will allow us to stratify the population groups of children livin...
This gap is the additional income required to overcome fuel poverty, that is, the average shortfall experienced by vulnerable households in affording their fuel bills. The second strand of the literature analyzes the predictors of fuel poverty. These studies focus on the role of socioeconomic and ...
The accumulated savings in a CDA were matched with money from the program by a ratio of 1:1 for the Bridges arm and a 2:1 match ratio for the Bridges PLUS arm. The match rate was the only difference between the two treatment arms. The matched CDA was intended to pay for the child'...