Pure bovine serum albumin, which has no Na/K-selectivity, may become strongly selective for Na or for K if it is associated with positive or negative detergents. A strong influence of the salt anion is observed: if Br′ is used instead of Cl′, the negative charge of the albumin grows ...
Because of the combined reabsorption of organic solutes and sodium in the early proximal tubule, the luminal fluid in this part will have a negative charge. In the late proximal tubule, there is a higher lumen to blood chloride concentration gradient, causing a diffusion potential in which ...
Increased lumen electronegativity, e.g. high concentrations of unabsorbable anions in the renal tubule lumen, e.g. penicillin, ketones, decrease the positive charge within the lumen, which causes the positively charged potassium to get excreted. ...
Tragacanth gum does not possess antimicrobial properties and requires functionalization or modification to introduce microbicidal activity. Silver NPs and quaternary ammonium compounds, which possess permanent positive charges, are commonly used as antimicrobial agents to inhibit bacterial growth in various ...
An ion is described as a charged atom or molecule. An atom can attain a positive charge or a negative charge depending on whether the number of electrons in an atom is bigger or lesser than the number of protons existing in the atom....
This atom is now a simple ion with a positive charge (cation) or a negative charge (anion). Removing electrons from the atom specifically involves the valence electrons, of which every neutral atom has at least one. Adding more valence electrons puts them in the nearest available orbital in ...
22). The advantage of using the double-membrane setup in parallel orientation is that it allows simultaneous sampling of the ion movement under the effect of both positive and negative transmembrane voltages. Periodic boundary conditions were applied, forming two distinct compartments (A and B). To...
In normal individuals, healthy kidneys can adapt to excessive oral intake of potassium by increasing urine excretion of potassium, thus preventing the development of hyperkalemia. However, taking in too much potassium (through foods, supplements, or salt substitutes that contain potassium) can cause hy...
Neutral potassium atoms have 19 electrons, one more than the configuration of the noble gas argon. Because of its low first ionization energy of 418.8 kJ/mol, the potassium atom is much more likely to lose the last electron and acquire a positive charge, although negatively charged alkalide K...
By pumping more positive changes out of the cell than into the cell, the pump activity creates a net outward current of positive charges, which creates a negative potential within the cell. This potential may be up to -10 mV. Inhibition of this pump, therefore, causes cellular depolarization...