History of seizure before or at the time of presentation Specific hematologic, radiographic (e.g., computed tomography [CT] and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), and other studies assist in diagnosis. CT and MRI may reveal ventriculomegaly and sulcal effacement (see the image below), which...
In the first 5 minutes of seizure activity, before starting any medications, try to establish intravenous (IV) access and to obtain samples for laboratory tests and for seizure medication levels (see Workup). Infuse isotonic intravenous fluids plus glucose at a rate of 20 mL/kg/h (eg, 200 ...
The type of viral infection is not important in predicting the future recurrence of febrile seizures or whether or not the child will have a complex febrile seizure. In kids up to two and a half years of age, breastfeeding may be a preventative factor for febrile seizures. Vaccines don’t...
Medically refractory epilepsy:Nuclear medicine techniques are valuable in the presurgical workup of medically refractory epilepsy patients. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) SPECT and FDG PET imaging are essential exams to delineate the seizure onset zone (SOZ) required to be resected. Successful SOZ localizat...
Physical findings for encephalitis are fever, headache, and decreased neurological function. Decreased neurological functions include altered mental status, focal neurological function, and seizure activities. These findings can help identify the virus type and prognosis. ...
‘cycles’ of serial anesthetic therapy were needed. In patients who did not respond to midazolam alone, a second agent was used after a median of 1 day, which led to seizure termination in up to 94% of total RSE patients. In this study, the most frequently used first-line anesthetic ...
TR Time to Repeat X2 Chi-Square 1. Introduction Surgical resection of an epileptogenic focus is often considered in patients with focal refractory seizures (West et al). Presurgical mapping of the eloquent cortex, including language, in relation to the seizure onset zone is the current standard...
Figure 9.Two-week-old with seizure activity found to have nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH). (a) Axial T2WI at the level of the basal ganglia shows lack of normal myelination related hypointensity in the posterior limbs of the internal capsules. (b) SV-MRS over the left basal ganglia reve...