Specifically, the data have been analysed for the effect of resampling the raw data with respect to time interval on the estimate of peak demand factor. Formulae are suggested to estimate the maximum flow demand for small towns, in relation to the number of users. In addition, statistical ...
Residential water demand is studied with microdata and with allowance for (1) seasonal differences in price elasticity, (2) a dynamic adjustment process, (3) a marginal price specification, (4) cross-price effects between peak and off-peak demand, and (5) the inclusion of a detailed set of...
Over the past 50 years, humans have extracted the Earth’s groundwater stocks at a steep rate, largely to fuel global agro-economic development. Given society’s growing reliance on groundwater, we explore ‘peak water limits’ to investigate whether,
The simulated result indicated that the PCM tubes effectively compensated the morning peak hot water demand and reduce daily energy consumption around by 12.1% and 13.5% (Fig. 8). PV/T has the advantage of multi-function and high efficiency, and Dannemand et al. [47] chose a PV/T ...
The application of this concept is specifically relevant, although not restricted to, the operation of water supply and distribution systems for short time horizons. Low degrees of utilisation indicate the uneconomical practice of maintaining excess capacity to accommodate a shot interval of peak demand...
Buildings are amongst the world’s largest energy consumers and simultaneous peaks in demand from networks of buildings can decrease electricity system stability. Current mitigation measures either entail wasteful supply-side over-specification or comple
A second factor concerns the latent heat of ice. A great deal of heat is needed to melt ice before the temperature of liquid water can begin to rise. A simple experiment can easily demonstrate latent heat: Add a great deal of ice to a beaker of water and wait for the temperature to ...
Traditionally, electricity generation, transmission, and distribution relied on building infrastructure to support the peak load, when the demand for electricity is maximal. However, the peak is rarely achieved, and thus, more demands can be accommodated using the inherent flexibility of scheduling of ...
Increased peak demand was observed in a theoretical study with time-varying energy prices (Steen et al., 2016) and a field study with direct load control of electric water heaters in households (Ericson, 2009). This challenge may be mitigated by either having several hours with the same low...
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