It is the reciprocal of the peak factor and should be measured within specified time-intervals that will provide realistic values for the specific purposes of a particular analysis of a water supply and distribution system. This paper briefly reviews some previous studies on peak factors and ...
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Status or family size is not a factor in the rate structure. Rates are based upon use and application type (ie. Residential, Irrigation, or General Service – Commercial, Industrial, Wholesale). How much water is used through a meter and the meter size is what determines the overall bill....
The difference is almost a factor of 1.5–2. In reviewing this subject, Masselink (1993) has drawn attention to some of the physical features that make this situation the case, such as the lower effective mass and larger Ɣ–L energy level separation for electrons in Ga0.47In0.53As. ...
We know that four out of five mass extinction periods can be linked to sudden rises in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. In the ocean, acidification is thought to be a main factor in this, while temperature increases lead to mass extinctions both on land and in the ocean. However, ...
The weighing factor, α, is determined by the system dampen observation. Dovrtel and Medved [96,97] applied discreet Kalman filter to predict the ambient temperature for a specific location, which utilized previous known differences between the observations and forecasting results. The forecasting res...
A threshold is then calculated by multiplying \(l_{max}\) by a scaling factor \(\alpha\). The parameter \(\tau = \alpha \times l_{max}\) subsequently acts as a load redistribution limit and controls the total amount of load that can be shifted in each time-step. The case of \(...
A second factor concerns the latent heat of ice. A great deal of heat is needed to melt ice before the temperature of liquid water can begin to rise. A simple experiment can easily demonstrate latent heat: Add a great deal of ice to a beaker of water and wait for the temperature to ...
(high capacity factor) is more valuable than intermittent, unpredictable, variable power like wind and solar. The EIA doesn’t consider hydropower dispatchable because it varies seasonally and is often not available since it’s being held back for agriculture, drinking water, and maintaining a ...
Hence, the peak water demand is a working condition that is usually taken into account for the design and management of WDSs (e.g., [1,2]). In the scientific literature, few papers define completely the daily maximum water demand for a considerable number of users (around one thousand ...