Pathophysiologically, the clinical onset of heart failure symptoms already represents an advanced stage of disease when compensatory mechanisms triggered by the underlying decrease in contractility are no longer capable of maintaining adequate cardiac performance during exercise and, subsequently, under resting...
A brief paragraph introducing this central concept will precede the main text of this chapter. Next, a definition of heart failure will be formulated, and the most common etiologies and symptoms of heart failure in clinical cardiology summarized. The progressive nature of chronic heart failure will...
The overall approach to heart failure includes defining the etiology, identifying precipitant factors, and assessing the severity of myocardial dysfunction and clinical symptoms. By carefully characterizing the patient with congestive heart failure, the most effective plan of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic...
Acute heart failure (AHF) is a complex syndrome characterized by worsening heart failure (HF) symptoms that requires escalation of therapy. Intrinsic cardiac abnormalities and comorbid conditions, including lung and renal disease, and sleep-disordered breathing, can contribute to the development of AHF...
functionsoftheheart Cardiacoutput(CO)=heartrate(HR)xstrokevol.(SV)-changesoftheheartrate-changesofstrokevolume •ControlofHR:-autonomicnervoussystem -hormonal(humoral)control•ControlofSV:-preload -contractility-afterload Adaptivemechanismsofthehearttoincreasedload •Frank-Starlingmechanism •Ventricular...
The underlying mechanisms through which these modifiers influence the phenotypic progression of the disease need to be further investigated. From a clinical point of view, systolic and diastolic heart failure present with the same symptoms and signs, and differential diagnosis cannot be made at the ...
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment BA Borlaug,WJ Paulus - 《European Heart Journal》 被引量: 0发表: 2011年 Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction Nearly half of patients with symptoms of heart failure are found to have a normal left ...
The onset of heart failure is typically preceded by cardiac hypertrophy, a response of the heart to increased workload, a cardiac insult such as a heart at
(LV) ejection fraction or dilated LV by imaging studies, with or without symptoms of heart failure, is currently recognized as a major long-term complication of HIV-1 infection in developing countries; however, it is still prevalent in developed countries.4 Many questions regarding its ...
Diagnosis relies on signs and symptoms of heart failure, preserved ejection fraction, and detection of diastolic function abnormalities based on echocardiographic findings and abnormally elevated natriuretic peptide levels or invasive measurements of wedge pressure at rest or with exercise. There are ...