The net effect of converting glycerol to pyruvic acid is −1 ATP + 2 ATP + 2 NADH = 1 ATP + 2 NADH = 7 ATP, assuming that the NADH are both oxidized with the generation of 3 ATP per NADH. The complete oxidation of pyruvate produces 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP. When the ...
3.1Variation of ferredoxin-mediated energy conservation systems Ferredoxin with lowredox potentialscan mediate several energy conservation systems. To reduceferredoxin, most of microbes use reducing power from organic compounds. For instance, energy conservation via formate- and pyruvate-dependent H2production...
however, a lot of work was reported on the kinetics and mechanistic of oxidation of organic and inorganic substrates by this oxidant as a strong oxidizing agent. This fact may be owing to the
The above-described glyoxalase system catalyzes the biotransformation of methylglyoxal to D-lactate (4.11), which in turn is converted into pyruvate (4.12) by D-lactate dehydrogenase. Aldose reductase (ALR2, AKR1B1) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of methylglyoxal into lactaldehyde (4.13) ...
In turn, the build-up of cytosolic citrate derived from acetyl-CoA could inhibit phosphofructokinase (PFK) and consequently decrease glucose uptake. Acetyl-CoA also inhibits the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH) via citrate, but a direct mechanistic connection with glucose uptake remains elusive. ...
BV2 microglia and C8D30 astrocytes were cultured in DMEM-high glucose (4500 mg/L glucose) supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 2 mM l-glutamine at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. Cell culture maintenance was...
structure) amino acids to acetyl coenzyme A and an intermediate compound of the TCA cycle. The biosynthesis of these amino acids, however, starts with a compoundderivedfrom pyruvate and an intermediate compound of the metabolism of pentose (a general name for sugars with five carbon atoms). Simi...
5.2.4. Elimination of Disulfide The disulfide cystine in the presence of the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes, CBS and CSE, forms cysteine persulfide, ammonia, and pyruvate. In addition, CSE also catalyzes the formation of homocysteine persulfide from homocystine. Nevertheless, these reactions are...
It has also been observed that some relevant changes occur to glycolysis during dormancy, where glucose may be converted into pyruvate, generating small amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) [5]. A total of the eight enzymes are involved in glycolysis...
(Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA), supplemented with 10 mM glucose, 5 mM pyruvate, and 2 mM glutamate. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was assessed under different bioenergetic states, e.g., coupled, uncoupled, and inhibited states, created by automated sequential injections of ...