Persistent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is thought to drive the pathology of many chronic disorders due to its potential to elicit aberrant inflammatory signaling and facilitate cell death. In neurodegenerative diseases, the accumulation of misfolde
SHP2 promotes inflammation by increasing the production of CXCL8 previously known as IL-8 [62]. CXCL8 can be produced and released bymicrogliaand astrocytes [63,64], and protect human nerve cells from amyloid-β-induced damage [65]. IL-1β, TNF-α and CXCL8 secreted by astrocytes...
It is in this space that the fluid that circulates around the brain and spinal cord passes to cushion, support, protect, and provide nourishment to the brain and spinal cord—the CSF. The innermost layer is called the pia mater and is tightly adherent to the spinal cord and also to the...
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain, a part of which is shown inFigure 1and spinal cord and is covered with three layers of protective coverings called meninges (from the Greek word for membrane). The outermost layer is the dura mater (Latin for “hard mother”). ...
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most delicate system in human body, with the most complex structure and function. It is vulnerable to trauma, infection, neurodegeneration and autoimmune diseases, and activates the immune system. An appropriate in
New research by scientists at Harvard Medical School has found that nerves in the guts of mice do not merely sense the presence of Salmonella but actively protect against infection by this dangerous bacterium by deploying two lines of defense.
the initiation of inflammation and consists of a highly coordinated system that is mainly governed by endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, such as lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins34. Numerous studies have illustrated a link between the immune and nervous systems identifying...
274]. Astrocytes protect against FAS-mediated extrinsic apoptosis in neurons following exposure to radiation, releasing BDNF and GDNF to reduce FAS expression and limit CASP8 and FADD expression and activation [275]. PEA-15 is expressed at lower levels than NPCs, and unlike NPCs inflammation and ...
Central nervous system (CNS) toxicity was first described by Paul Bert in 1877.25o2) of 1.7 atm, below which convulsions do not occur (Table 8-1). The immediate management of an oxygen convulsion is to remove the diver from the oxygen supply. During recompression for a diving...
The pathogenic process in the central nervous system itself should be the major focus in multiple sclerosis therapy in order to protect against demyelination and axonal loss and to promote remyelination and regeneration directly in the target tissue, independently of peripheral immune status. In ...