B cell to antigen, the function of mIgD has been more difficult to ascertain (see later). Mature naïve B cells also lose expression of RAG-1 and RAG-2, so that, in general, no further changes in V(D)J gene segment usage can occur in either the mature B cell itself or in its ...
Our data demonstrate not only that autoreactive B cells persist in the mature repertoire, but that functional unresponsiveness or anergy exists in the mature B-cell repertoire along a continuum, a fact that has long been suspected, but never yet shown. These results have important implications ...
The perspective that naive B-cell recognition of antigen in the absence of T-cell help causes cell death or anergy is supported by in vivo studies of B cells that are continuously exposed to self-antigens. However, intravital imaging suggests that early
However, antigen-specific contact of these cells leads to stable cell pairs that remain associated over hours in vivo. The physiologic role of such pairs has not been evaluated. We show here that antigen-specific conjugates between naive B cells and naive T cells display a mature immunologic in...
A naive T cell or Th0 cell[1][2][3] is a T cell that has differentiated in bone marrow, and successfully undergone the positive and negative processes of central selection in the thymus. A naive T cell is considered mature and unlike activated T cells or memory T cells it has not en...
We show that the transient BLyS treatment used in this study substantially affected naive B cell populations; in particular, it resulted in more B cells surviving counter-selection at the transitional stages. We also observed more mature naive B cells, especially marginal zone B cells, in BLyS-...
mature circulating T cells that have not yet encountered their antigens. Once activated by antigen,naive T cellsdivide and differentiate into short-lived armed effector T cells and longer-livedmemory T cells. Memory T cells carry cell-surface proteins similar to armed effector T cells, but ...
B cell anergy represents an important mechanism of peripheral immunological tolerance for mature autoreactive B cells that escape central tolerance enforced by receptor editing and clonal deletion. Although well documented in mice, the extent of its participation in human B cell tolerance remains to be...
Using SHM for in vitro affinity maturation of antibodies is an attractive strategy and has been used previously in a variety of cell lines [2, 26,27,28,29]. Some recently described technologies to affinity-mature antibodies in vitro rely on the integration of a library of CDR3 domains using...
(refs.6,7,10), it was important to understand the contribution of ASCs to both antiviral and autoantigen targeting. However, direct binding studies of these IgG+cells are hampered by the propensity of the cells to downregulate surface B cell receptor (BCR), in contrast to their IgM+...