Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution...
There are several major types of both the H and N proteins and the name of the influenza strain includes the kind of H and N that it uses.39 The 1918 influenza virus was an H1N1 strain. While this H1N1 variant killed tens of millions of people and caused much suffering to many more,...
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment Wenhan Shao 1, Xinxin Li 1, Mohsan Ullah Goraya 1, Song Wang 1,* and Ji-Long Chen 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, ...
Influenza A virus13.6 × 103>7.3 × 10–50.99 RNA-based retroviruses[1,58] Spleen necrosis virus7.8 × 1032.0 × 10–50.16 Moloney murine leukemia virus8.4 × 103>3.5 × 10–60.029 Rous sarcoma virus9.3 × 1034.6 × 10–50.43 HIV-19.2 × 1032.4 × 10–50.22 ...
Keitt, G. W., and Boone, D. M., 1956. Use of induced mutations in the study of host-pathogen relationships. Brookhaven Symp. Biol.9, p. 209–225. Google Scholar Knapp, E., 1950. Grundfragen der experimentellen Mutationsauslösung in ihre Bedeutung für die 072 praktische Pflanzenzüch...
All HIN1 strains as well as Influenza C, H3N2 and H2N2 had pI in the range greater than 8.1 with H1N1 CAL07/2009 having pI value of 8.87. Positive correlations of GC3 and GC content with CAI values were noticed. Hydropathy and aromaticity levels increased with the decrease of GC3. ...
A new variant of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 (designated ‘M1UK’) has been reported in the United Kingdom, linked with seasonal scarlet fever surges, marked increase in invasive infections, and exhibiting enhanced expression of the superantigen S
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection induces severe pneumonia and is the cause of a worldwide pandemic. Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, have RNA proofreading enzymes in their genomes, resulting in fewer gene mutations than other RNA viruses. Nevertheless, var...
coronavirus genomes undergo both homologous and nonhomologous recombination which provides additional genetic variation for fueling viral evolution [9]. Although SARS-CoV-2 mutation rates are lower than viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus or influenza [10,11], the frequency of replication-based...
Since the sequencing of the first SARS-CoV-2 genome (Zhou et al., 2020), international efforts have been established through data sharing in the Global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) database (https://www.gisaid.org/, Shu and McCauley 2017). These sequencing and metadata...