Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution...
Influenza A virus (IAV), a highly infectious respiratory pathogen, has continued to be a significant threat to global public health. To complete their life cycle, influenza viruses have evolved multiple strategies to interact with a host. A large number of studies have revealed that the evolution...
Influenza viruses bear on their surfaces two proteins, the H (hemagglutinin) and N (neuraminidase) proteins. There are several major types of both the H andN proteinsand the name of the influenza strain includes the kind of H and N that it uses.39The 1918 influenza virus was anH1N1strain...
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment Wenhan Shao 1, Xinxin Li 1, Mohsan Ullah Goraya 1, Song Wang 1,* and Ji-Long Chen 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, ...
Mutation rateprimarily refers to the fidelity of the polymerase, or the rate at which mutations are introduced during replication, although mutations also may be introduced by abiotic mutagens or byRNA editing.Mutation frequencyis a very different measurement, and describes the amount of sequence varia...
SARS-CoV-2 sequences (8,845) were downloaded from the Global initiative on sharing all influenza data (GISAID) database (https://www.gisaid.org/). They were available as of May 20, 2020, collected by March 23, 2020, and annotated as “complete (> 29,000 bp)”, “high coverage”...
Just because you are exposed to a pathogen does not mean you will become sick. Increasingly, scientists have shown that genetics play a central role in determining whether the pathogens that cause a wide range of disease—including influenza, warts and COVID-19—end up causing serious diseases....
A new variant of Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M1 (designated ‘M1UK’) has been reported in the United Kingdom, linked with seasonal scarlet fever surges, marked increase in invasive infections, and exhibiting enhanced expression of the superantigen S
All HIN1 strains as well as Influenza C, H3N2 and H2N2 had pI in the range greater than 8.1 with H1N1 CAL07/2009 having pI value of 8.87. Positive correlations of GC3 and GC content with CAI values were noticed. Hydropathy and aromaticity levels increased with the decrease of GC3. ...
The RNA viruses such as the common cold, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 are inherently prone to mutations, and high rates of mutation would catalyze rapid evolution compared to their counterparts, the DNA viruses such as...