The upper limit of a planet's lithosphere is usually taken as where it meets the hydrosphere/atmosphere (wherever either may be present, otherwise the vacuum of space) but may or may not include the rock-derived pedosphere (for Earth, especially) or distinct overburden of loose regolith. All...
The altitude of the layer, ∼120 km, is in agreement with the maximum for meteoroid ablation. Other ionization sources, such us direct impact ionization by electron precipitation or protons into the nightside, could also explain the nature of the lower ionospheric layer. 2.2 Mars The atmosphere...
Recovering volcanic records has been a major objective of some ocean drilling legs (e.g. IODP Expedition 340, ODP Expeditions 165 or 157), but more commonly the records are a by-product of expeditions focussed on other geoscience questions2. Visible tephra layers can provide significant stratigrap...
20. The method of claim 12, wherein printing the droplets onto the first portion comprises printing the droplets onto the first portion within a controlled atmosphere, wherein printing the droplets onto the third portion comprises printing the droplets within the controlled atmosphere, and wherein ...
The temperature range of sample thermal training is 50–300 °C. Process of analyzing the specific surface area of samples included the following stages. Firstly, the samples were weighted. Further, the flask with the samples was heated to 150 °C in an argon atmosphere (adsorptive gas) for...
[7]. The metal powder is delivered by coaxial, single, or multiple nozzles within an inert atmosphere [4,10,11], directly in the region of the focused laser beam [9]. Depending on the alignment of the focal point of the nozzle versus that of the laser, the powder is then melted ...
All experiments related to the PPy deposition process were realized in climatic room cooled down to the temperature of 15–16 °C in air atmosphere. In the case of the Peltier cell, which was used as a cold plate and the applied conditions, such as the cooling capacity of the cell and ...
Copper patinas formed in the atmosphere—I. Introduction. Corros. Sci. 1987, 27, 639–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Strandberg, H. Reactions of copper patina compounds—I. Influence of some air pollutants. Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 3511–3520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Strandberg, ...
The devices degradatedduring the IPCE test in the air atmosphere can probably explain this result. Anyway, the IPCE measurement results again confirm that the device based on aqueous solution has a higher JSC than that based on sol-gel solution. Besides the PCE, the stability of the inverted...
Temperature measurements were performed within the range from 30 to 600 °C, with a heating rate of 10 °C/min and a nitrogen atmosphere (50 mL/min) in a corundum crucible with an insert and one hole in the lid. Absorption measurements were performed by an Evolution 300 Thermofisher ...