Laser beam is a type of light from the transition of atoms (molecules or ions). However, it is different from ordinary light in that it depends on spontaneous radiation only for a very short period of time. The subsequent process is completely determined by the excitation radiation, so it ...
Without masking, the dopant atoms diffuse on the entire area of the front and rear side of the wafer, thus creating the quintessential pn-junction of solar cells. Unfortunately, using this type of furnace diffusion does not allow for locally doped regions, and thus requires expensive masking. ...
During the ps pulse, the electrons and atoms emitted from the ionized air will arrive at the target surface and then reflect backward. Meanwhile, the free electrons emitted from the target surface absorb pulse energy mainly through the inverse Bremsstrahlung. Due to the extremely high pressure, ...
the speed will increase, resulting in the inhibition of the nucleation process. Therefore, a large grain will be generated near the center of the laser beam, and a glass phase will be formed at the center of the marker due to thehigh cooling rate, and finally a new nucleus cannot be for...
2.9, a clear thermal arrest on the thermogram cooling flank reveals freezing of PuO2. Planck radiance spectra are also measured with the spectro-pyrometer at each full open circle in Fig. 2.9, whereby the sample NSE and temperature are obtained by fitting such spectra. In some cases, care ...
Bulk metals of these alloys were produced by cooling from melt at a cooling speed of about 1000 K/s, but contained, i.e., the expensive metal palladium, which prevented larger volumes of production [4]. In the 1960s, Duwez of California Institute of Technology (Caltech) accidentally ...
which suffer from a quite slow cooling rate and high energy loss due to the smaller sample dimensions than the heated volume. In addition, the morphology and structure of the precursors were difficult to inherit or create new nanostructures. As an alternative to the conventional annealing, laser ...
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are a class of catalysts in which individual and isolated metal atoms are anchored to supports. Due to their maximized atom utilization and unique coordination environments, SACs have emerged as a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis, showing outstanding catalytic perform...
The experimental sequence starts with a cold atom production phase during which the Rubidium 87 atoms are collected in a magneto-optical trap (MOT), laser cooled using polarization gradient cooling and vertically launched. On their way up before the interferometer, the atoms are prepared in the de...
Microchannel cooling is often used in Laser Diode Bar Stacks due to a large amount of waste heat in a small area. Laser Diode Bars and Stacks are available in several free-space and fiber-coupled packages. VCSEL Emission VCSELs (Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers) emit light perpendicular...