Imaging and Spectroscopic Analysis of Living Cells 3.1 Protein kinases 3.1.1 Introduction Protein kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to the protein substrates, thus alterin
Kinase enzymes catalyze protein phosphorylation by transferring the γ-phosphoryl of ATP onto substrate hydroxyl groups (Fig. 1B) (1, 2, 3, 5). Kinases are generally classified by their amino acid specificity, with Ser/Thr kinases modifying Ser and Thr residues, Tyr kinases acting on Tyr, an...
Guanylate cyclases (GCs) are enzymes that catalyze the reaction to produce cyclic GMP (cGMP), a key signaling molecule in eukaryotes. Nevertheless, systemic identification and functional analysis of GCs in crop plant species have not yet been conducted. In this study, we systematically identified ...
Another interesting kinase independent target of ERK2 is PolyADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP-1), where no kinase activity of ERK is required. PARPs catalyze the posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins by polyADP-ribosylation. Usually, the catalytic activity of PARP-1 is stimulated by DNA...
protein kinases are part of the phosphotransferase group, which includes enzymes that catalyze the reversible transfer of phosphate groups between substrates. Surface receptor kinases are typically activated by their ligands or other stimuli, often necessitating the activation of non-receptor kinase cascades...
The RGC group (receptor guanylate cyclase kinases) only catalyze Mg2+-dependent autophosphorylation on Ser and Thr. PKL (protein kinase like) and HK (histidine kinases) were previously grouped into the atypical kinase, group but are now recognized as a separate group. PKL groups the protein ...
ChoK–specific residues assist in substrate binding and catalysis: Choline and ethanolamine kinases play a major role in eukaryotic membrane maintenance and catalyze the first committed step in the Kennedy pathway for phosphatidylcholine synthesis. Some of the most distinguishing choline kinase residues/moti...
3). Although these proteins are unrelated and catalyze very different reactions, ATP is a common substrate, consistent with the reactivity of the probe (supplemental Table S5). Protein structures of homologs of PGK1, ATPB, CAC2, and ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase 4 contain the labeled Lys ...
Protein kinases play a predominant regulatory role in nearly every aspect of cell biology [1]. The human protein kinase family consists of 518 genes, which correspond to about 1.7% of the genome, thereby making it one of the largest gene families [2]. Protein kinases catalyze the reaction il...
Kinases catalyze the transfer of high-energy phosphate groups from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to target proteins on the hydroxyamino acid residues serine, threonine, or tyrosine. Phosphatases, in contrast, remove these phosphate groups. Extracellular signals including hormones, neurotransmitters, and ...