If acceleration begins in a region of moderate density, sufficiently low in the corona, ions above 0.1 MeV/amu approach an equilibrium charge state that depends primarily upon their speed and only weakly on the plasma temperature. We suggest that the large variations of the charge states with ...
The effectiveness of ionization processes depends very much on the gas pressure. Pressure is a variable that indicates the random thermal energy of particle motion. Pressure is a product of particles per unit volume and energy per particle. Gases at low pressure with higher energy per particle ion...
The effectiveness of ionization by electron impact depends upon the energy that an electron can gain along the mean free path in the direction of the field. j=1surface=10005×1019=0.2×10−16 A/cm2. If λ¯e is the mean free path in the field direction of strength E then the ...
On the basis of this expression it is possible to derive the effective cross section of the particle energy transfer to an atomic electron, which depends on the particle coordinates in the transversal plane (the one perpendicular to the crystalline plane or axis along which the particle moves)....
It is found that, near the peak of the F-layer, the rate of increase of electron density depends primarily upon the production rate, and is not greatly influenced by diffusion or vortical drift. The level at which the peak is found is lowered by the action of diffusion, however, and ...
A scanning tunneling microscope was used to study the ionization of single Mn acceptors in GaAs(110). The ionization state switches when the GaAs valence band is bent across a Mn acceptor level. This produces a ringlike feature in STM images, whose diameter depends on the tunneling conditions ...
The parameters are chosen such that the return energy of the first electron, ≈3.17Up, is not above the ionization potential of the second, to ensure that the RESI mechanism is dominant. Here, Up is the ponderomotive or quiver energy of the electron in the laser field. Also, we stay ...
(2), based on the functional derivative of the ionization probability functional, depends not only on time, but on additional variables describing the waveform as well. For brevity, we will dub below the functional derivative in Eq. (2) an “exact ionization rate”, though as one can see ...
The degree of fragmentation depends upon the magnitude of the first ionization potential of the analyte molecule and the energy of the impacting electrons. This ionization technique produces almost exclusively positively charged ions [23]. View chapterExplore book Leakage Current Harshit Agarwal, ... ...
This depends on the type and energy of the radiations being detected. Alpha particles may not have sufficient energy to enter the sensitive volume of the detector unless the walls of the detector are very thin and, therefore, ionization is produced directly in the gas. Beta radiation is much...