A photoionization efficiency was measured as a function of the wavelength of an ionization laser to determine ionization energies (Eis) of NbnCm (n ) 3-10, m ) 0-7). The Eis of Nb4C4 and Nb5C3 are found to be the lowest in the clusters studied. When the experimental Eis are ...
Total Ionization in Argon by Heavy Ions of Energies 8 to 100 keV The total ionization produced by ions stopped in argon gas has been measured in the energy range 8-100 keV. The experimental method employed an ion acceler... JA Phipps,JW Boring,RA Lowry - 《Physical Review》 被引量: 24...
At higher energies, delta electrons leave the target (detector) without disposing of all their energy inside it, and the particle energy loss due to knocking out such electrons cannot be properly registered. Though, such a restriction, relied on the energy transfer in a single collision, is mor...
This fundamental requirement limits the use of free-air chambers since the size of the chamber for higher photon energies is extremely large. For example, the NIST has three free-air ionization chambers. The chambers are intended to cover the X-ray generating potentials of 10–60 kV, 20–100...
For example, a solid surface exposed to a pure photon beam will emit electrons, which have been liberated near the surface by photoelectric, Compton, or pair production interactions. The electron emission coefficient for a variety of materials exposed to various photon energies is shown in Fig. ...
The reason for this is that in the instant thermalization approximation, all the absorbed energies that do not go into ionization contribute directly to the temperature, whereas for nonthermal distributions some of that energy is syphoned off to the high-energy electrons, leading to a cooler ...
Electric fields and energies for the projections are indicated by circles. Solid line: |mj| ¼ 5/2. Dotted lines: |mj| ¼ 3/2. Dashed lines: |mj| ¼ 1/2. 2 NATURE COMMUNICATIONS | 4:2967 | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3967 | www.nature.com/naturecommunications & 2013 Macmillan ...
High photon energies for efficient bond breaking and ionization of solids are available at shorter wavelengths such as 266, 213 and 157 nm. Some certified reference materials are available for matrix matching. However, these do not correspond with every type of sample. It has been necessary to ...
The free-electron lasers (FEL)12,13,14 offer a possibility of the experimental study of the relativistic effects in the domain of high photon energies, where the non-dipole effects due to finite photon momentum can be expected to be particularly important30,31. The relativistic and spin ...
Therefore, with low first ionization energies will enhance negative the best practice is sample preparation using gloves and face secondary ion formation. These effects can be orders of masks as well as clean tools. Laminar flow cab s are magnitude in size and are the reason to use oxygen ...