The magnitude of gain can be deduced from the formula specified below. In scenarios involving television reception, considerable signal enhancement is required since TV satellites are in geosynchronous orbit above the earth. The physics of orbiting bodies demands that these satellites remain 22,000 ...
A half-wave plate λ/2 and a polarizer P3 were used together as a variable attenuator to adjust the energy of the pump. An SBS single-cell compressor was adopted in this experiment. The pump, which was circularly polarized by a quarter-wave plate λ/4, was focused by lens L into the...
According to the website linked on the word “irradiance”, irradiance is in units W/m2. However, in the formula given in the last sentence, it states that irradiance is given by radiant intensity divided by distance squared. It also says that radiant intensity is in units W/sr. This wo...
(a) The minimum luminous intensity of lights shall be calculated by using the formula: I=3.43×106×T×D2×K−Dwhere I is luminous intensity in candelas under service conditions, T is threshold factor 2 × 10−7 lux, D is range of visibility (luminous range) of the light in nautic...
The paper presents asymptotic presentations obtained for the mean square of the intensity of a plane wave in a randomly homogeneous medium with small values of the wave parameter. It is shown that a given asymptotic representation satisfies the simplified equation for the fourth moment of the field...
A formula is derived for the correlation between intensity fluctuations at two points in the cross-section of a wide class of stochastic electromagnetic be... T Shirai,E Wolf - 《Optics Communications》 被引量: 88发表: 2007年 Light scattering spectra of polarization fluctuations and models of th...
In the regime of extremely short wavelengths, X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) with exceptional peak brilliance have unveiled crucial details about the structures, dynamics and physics of various materials. Although X-ray focusing optics to enhance the intensity have progressed, achieving a single...
Thus, assuming that the pin-hole is uniform and circular, and that the optical intensity pattern on the scattering spot is Gaussian-shaped, the following closed formula can be used to extract the effective number of modes passing through the pin-hole [29] 𝜇𝑓=(𝐴PH1𝐴sp){1−exp...
The factor of 2 in the formula above applies to a one-sided PSD as usually used in the engineering disciplines, and would be missing in variants using two-sided PSDs. The units of the RIN PSD are Hz−1, but it is common to specify 10 times the logarithm (to base 10) of that qu...
Based on the widely used approximated BER formula for M-order QAM given by [80]: (11.16)Pe≤4Q[(3M−1γ)], where Q(x) is the Q-function, M=2b is the modulation order of QAM, and γ is the SNR, the spectral efficiency can be expressed as (11.17)b≅log21+γΓ, where Γ...