Human insulin is a double-chain protein with molecular mass around 6000 that contains 51 amino acids (chain A—21 amino acids, chain B—30 amino acids), which are bound together by disulfide bridges. From: Synthesis of Essential Drugs, 2006 ...
Thus, the source of increased branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, and the mechanisms by which they might contribute to impaired insulin sensitivity remain incompletely understood. Recent evidence suggests that obesity is associated with altered adipose tissue metabolism, which in turn affects ...
Amino acids have been shown to stimulate insulin release in the absence of glucose, the most potent secretagogues being the essential amino acids leucine, arginine, and lysine.496,497 The effects of arginine and lysine on the beta cell appear to be more potent than those of leucine. The eff...
The three Boc-amino groups were transformed to the isocyanates using triflic anhydride, and the macrocycle was closed by reaction of the isocyanates with the previously described trisamino half-macrocycle reagent4. The roof azide macrocycle was triazole-coupled under Cu(i...
Intranasal insulin could overcome the hurdle posed by gastric acids, but is also limited by low bioavailability due to the reduced permeability of insulin through the nasal mucosa. Furthermore, the use of excipients can improve absorption and bioavailability but may cause damage to the nasal mucosa...
causes the cells to store glycogen (a starchlike substance), mostly in the liver. It also promotes the entry of other sugars and amino acids into the muscle and fat cells. Insulin is therefore responsible for promoting fat storage in fat cells and for the total quantity of protein in the ...
sincealthoughallproteinscontainedapproximatelythesameaminoacids theydifferedmarkedlyinbothphysicalandbiologicalproperties.Itwasthus concludedthatthesedifferencesweredependentonthedifferentarrange- mentoftheamino-acidresiduesinthemolecules.Althoughverylittlewas knownaboutamino-acidsequence,therewasmuchspeculationinthisfield. ...
Insulin detemir differs from human insulin in that theamino acidthreoninein position B30 has been omitted, and a C14 fatty acid chain has been attached to the amino acid B29. Insulin detemir has a molecular formula of C267H402O76N64S6and a molecular weight of 5916.9. It has the following ...
Moreover, other amino acids, which are potent insulin secretagogues, are poor nutrients but stimulate insulin release as a result of their accumulation in the islet cells. Such is the case for cationic amino acids (e.g., L-arginine, L-ornithine), which, through their accumulation inside ...
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have beneficial nutrient signalling effects but paradoxically are associated with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) BCAAs might be a marker of, rather than, a cause of insulin resistance, as insulin resistance increases the rate of ...