HomeostasisAdultMaleThe aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which the basal steady state could be maintained with fixed concentrations of glucagon and insulin. To this end, arterial plasma glucose concentrations and peripheral glucose uptake (using the forearm technique) were compared ...
the triggering and amplifying pathways of insulin secretion allow for initiation and fine-tuning of insulin secretory response to glucose and nutrients, as well as other factors, such as paracrine hormones—glucagon-like
To achieve glucose homeostasis, pancreatic beta cells integrate a multitude of metabolic, hormonal and neural cues to determine the extent of glucose-dependent insulin release.10 It has been discovered that pancreatic beta cells also integrate microbial signals to modulate insulin output. So far, two...
Sulfonylurea and glinides stimulate β-cells directly. The incretin GLP-1 analog can lower glucose concentrations by augmenting insulin secretion and suppressing glucagon release. In addition the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor inhibits incretin degradation and indirectly enhances the stimulation ...
When PEPCK expression is suppressed by insulin, it is induced by glucagon-mediated cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation, and performs the rate-limiting step of gluconeogenesis. As a therapeutic target for diabetes, the importance of PEPCK is therefore promising due to its involvement in gluconeogenesis5....
Insulin, other hypoglycemic drugs, and glucagon Immunologic Allergy to insulin is uncommon. Most reactions are of type 1, type III reactions rarely being reported. • A 31-year-old man with type 1 diabetes developed a subcutaneous subdermal nodule within 6 hours of his first injection of insul...
and glucagon releases (or possibly by efferent nerves) which would then act on the liver; the third would be a direct action of the drug on the liver to induce insulin resistance such that insulin would not be able to counter the effects of hormones that stimulate HGO such as ...
homeostasis, ultimately leading to the adoption of rational models of insulin replacement. The introduction of recombinant DNA technologies has since resulted in the era of both rapid- and long-acting human insulin analogues administered via the subcutaneous route which better mimic the physiology of ...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) results from insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, in the setting of hyperglucagonemia. Glucagon is a 29 amino acid peptide hormone, which is secreted from pancreatic α cells: excessively high circulating levels of glucagon lead to excessive hepatic glucose ou...
Both isoforms are expressed in the islet of Langerhans and are involved in the modulation of insulin secretion from β-cells and in glucagon secretion from α-cells. De-synchrony of receptor signaling may lead to the development of type 2 diabetes. This notion has recently been supported by ...