Seasonal influenza is caused by two subtypes of influenza A virus (A/H1N1 and A/H3N2) and two lineages of influenza B viruses (B/Victoria-lineage and B/Yamagata-lineage). Seasonal influenza viruses replicate efficiently in the human upper respiratory tra
Influenza is a single-stranded segmented negative-sense RNA genome virus of the familyOrthomyxoviridae. There are three types of influenza viruses: influenza virus A, influenza virus B, and influenza virus C. Influenza A and C infect multiple species, while influenza B infects humans almost exclusi...
In the year 1971, the WTO officially claimed the nomination system of influenza virus. Based on the antigenic difference of the virus nucleocapsid protein (NP), influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, and C (Table21.1). Influenza virus is an RNA virus, which is most stable in an...
The matrix-1 (M1) protein is present between the nucleocapsid and the envelope, and the matrix-2 (M2) protein forms an ion channel across the envelope in influenza A viruses. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION Influenza A and B viruses cause annual epidemics in areas with temperate climates, but ...
The largest number of FLUA/H1N1 cases was observed in children less than 1 years old, while the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage was most prevalent in children 3–6 years old. Fever was a common symptom for both FLUA and B affected patients. However, respiratory symptoms were more prevalent in ...
Influenza viruses are segmented, single-stranded RNA viruses in the orthomyxovirus family that infect mammals and birds; they can be classified into types A, B and C. Influenza A and B viruses primarily cause serious disease in humans, as evidenced by yearly outbreaks worldwide. Influenza virus...
These vaccines tend to have moderate effectiveness against medically attended influenza for influenza A(H1N1) and influenza B, and somewhat lower for influenza A(H3N2) where differences between vaccine strains and circulating strains can occur more frequently due to antigenic drift and egg adaptations ...
double-dummy, phase 1b trial, individuals aged 65-85 years who were considered healthy or with stable chronic conditions with no recent (<6 months) influenza vaccinations were recruited from five clinical trial sites in the USA and randomly assigned (3:3:3:1) using a permuted block design ...
Influenza A viruses in swine have considerable genetic diversity and continue to pose a pandemic threat to humans due to a potential lack of population level immunity. Here we describe a pipeline to characterize and triage influenza viruses for their pan
HA and NA, the two spike proteins of influenza A and B viruses, are the major targets of the host humoral immune response. HA (and NA) of influenza A viruses is subdivided into subtypes (H1 to H18) based on antigenic differences and classified into group 1 (H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, ...