Two Types of Network Effects: Direct vs. Indirect Direct network effects are also known as same-side effects. The value of a service simply goes up as the number of users goes up. Returning to the example of the telephone, it is only useful if the people that you need to reach also h...
Direct vs. indirect effects of whole-genome duplication on prezygotic isolation in Chamerion angustifolium: implications for rapid speciation. American Journal of Botany 103: 1259-1271.Husband, B. C., Baldwin, S. J., and Sabara, H. A.: Direct vs. indirect effects of whole-genome duplication ...
indirect pathways have received less attention.The goal of this study was to assess the importance of direct vs. pollinator-mediated indirect effects of a floral antagonist on female and male components of plant fitness. We focused on the hummingbird-pollinated plant scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis ...
To evaluate the hypothesis that indirect effects generally take much longer to become evident in manipulative studies of community regulation than do direct effects and thus may often be missed, I studied the effect of experiment duration in a survey of marine intertidal interaction webs. Contrary to...
Network effects may be either direct or indirect. While many analyses conflate the two, I show that the ways in which direct and indirect effects influence technological standardization are quite different. Some parameter changes have opposite effects in the two models, and some factors which are ...
PDE: Pure Direct Effect;PIE: Pure Indirect Effect.主要内容X Z Y 设想, 药物XX的影响通过俩种途径:直接对身体产生的影响; 服用药物XX会导致头疼, 故患者大概率会服用镇痛剂, 镇痛剂会利于(或者不利于)恢复.如果我们直接计算causal effect, 则二者都会纳入其中, 但是往往我们所关心的只是单纯的...
Post hoc stratification showed robust effects in the direct therapy group for older children (Cohen d = 0.50) and the latter two-thirds of participants (Cohen d = 0.46). Vocal fold nodules reduced in size in 31% (22 of 70) and completely resolved in 11% (8 of 70) of participants who...
The decomposition of effects in structural equation models has been of considerable interest to social scientists. Finite-sample or asymptotic results for the sampling distribution of estimators of direct effects are widely available. Statistical inferences about indirect effects have relied exclusively on ...
'Gray' vs. 'Grey': What is the difference? What's the difference between 'fascism' and 'socialism'? More Commonly Misspelled Words Popular in Wordplay See All Terroir, Oenophile, & Magnum: Ten Words About Wine 8 Words with Fascinating Histories ...
Direct light is when the sun’s rays hit the plant without any obstruction. Inside, this will usually only occur when the plant is placed on a windowsill or close to a glass door. Any plants that require “full sun” or many hours of direct sunlight cannot be grown indoors. ...