Judea Pearl是图灵奖得主,因果推断的奠基人之一。由于阅读的论文中涉及到反事实推断中Total Effect(TE), Natural Direct Effect(NDE), Total Indirect Effect(TIE)等概念,涉及到反事实推断方法的核心,因此前来拜读一下Pearl老
之所以被称之为controlled direct effect, 是因为我们认为的限定Z=zZ=z. 用上面的例子来说就是, 我们限定所有人服用的镇定剂为zz.NDEaverage NDE的计算是:E[Y|do(X=x),do(Z=Zx∗)]−E[Y|do(X=x∗)],E[Y|do(X=x),do(Z=Zx∗)]−E[Y|do(X=x∗)],...
Exact formulae relating parameters in conditional and reduced generalized linear models are introduced where the reduced model omits a continuous mediator from the conditional model. For certain link functions including logit, the natural direct effect and the natural indirect effect of the counterfactual...
The phone network is a clear and easy to understand example, but it only accounts for one type of network effect. There are two types of network effects: direct and indirect network effects. Phones benefit from direct network effects, but platforms benefit from indirect network effects. The dif...
This allows disentangling the causal effect of a binary treatment on a continuous outcome into an indirect effect operating through a binary intermediate variable (called mediator) and a direct effect running via other causal mechanisms. We identify average and quantile direct and indirect effects for...
effect, however, as conventional inputs and production processes are changed in response to requirements to purchase abatement capital. We estimate this indirect effect using a flexible functional form cost function. Total factor productivity and the direct and indirect productivity effects of ...
3) direct effect 直接效应 1. Gross quantity effect is subdivided into direct effect and indirect effect. FDI对我国进出口贸易的影响分别从总量效应和结构效应两个方面体现出来,总量效应可细化为直接效应和间接效应,结构效应主要通过技术的溢出效应得以实现。 2. Bundling is a common practice in many ...
This study analyses the impact of family violence on adolescent maladjustment and child-to-parent violence in a community sample. It also explores a possible mediating effect of adolescent behavioural and/or emotional problems in the relationship between family violence and child-to-parent violence. Th...
Results of the survey suggest that, in addition to its direct effect, advertising produces an indirect effect on college students' materialism via their presumed advertising influence on peers. The findings of this study have practical implications for both educators and marketers.doi:10.1080/...
I found that indirect effects were stronger in speciose, reticulate food webs than in linear food chains owing to a traitmediated effect, a diet shift by herbivores in response to predation risk. Spiders alone did not have significant effects on grasshopper densities in the field experiments, ...