Box 1 Definition of climate events Marine heatwave Persistent anomalously warm waters for at least 5 consecutive days. El Niño Southern Oscillation ENSO is the strongest year-to-year climate variability on the planet, originating in the equatorial Pacific Ocean through coupled ocean-atmosphere interac...
Survey participants were also given an opportunity to propose their own definition. The first part of the survey then ended with the question “If you had 1 min to argue for a major new research funding initiative, what would you say is the most important question for ecosystem ecologists to...
such that one is a poor predictor of the others18. In its simplest formulation, complexity is defined as the number of constituent parts, or types of parts, in an organism (for example, genes, cells, tissues and organs). This definition ...
And while I believe that increasing the number of women in positions of power is a necessary element of true equality, I do not believe that there is one definition of success or happiness. Not all women want careers. Not all women want children. Not all women want both. I would never ...
The buccohypophyseal canal is an ancestral vertebrate trait maintained by modulation in sonic hedgehog signaling Roman H Khonsari, Maisa Seppala, Alan Pradel, Hugo Dutel, Gaël Clément, Oleg Lebedev, Sarah Ghafoor, Michaela Rothova, Abigael Tucker, John G Maisey, Chen-Ming Fan,...
We considered minimum body length to be a proxy for size at juvenile recruitment, the size at which juveniles could be identified transiting the sea floor. Echinoderms surveyed at this size have likely passed through post-settlement mortality (Balch and Scheibling, 2001). This trait has been ass...
trait dimensions of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders provided in the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association,2013a). Thus, with respect to previous studies that had similar aims (mainly Laier et al.,2018; Mettler et al.,2020; Zhang et al.,2021), this one includes in the same...
undirectedtrait networks. By definition, these undirected networks cannot be used to describe causal relationships between the traits. Causal information can be encoded by directed networks whereA→Bif traitAcausally influences traitB. We refer to the process of assigning a causal direction to at ...
a, Operational definition of sb-pQTLs: an SNP needs to meet both of the following two criteria to be declared a sb-pQTL. First, it is a pQTL in males or females or both at FDR < 0.05. Second, it has a significant genotype-by-sex interaction in protein expression at FDR <...
Definitions A biomarker has been defined as a trait that can be objectively measured and evaluated; therefore, it can be used as an indicator of biological processes (normal versus disease) or of pharmacologic response upon a therapeutic intervention [146]. The FDA defined a biomarker as a ...