Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the two major types of chronic liver disease worldwide. Inflammatory processes play key roles in the pathogeneses of fatty liver diseases, and continuous inflammation promotes the progression of alcoholic steatohepatitis (A...
In addition to mucins, the mucus contains water, salts, lipids, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and antimicrobial proteins. These antimicrobial proteins, including defensin, lysosome, and lactoferrin, directly neutralize or destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungi by disrupting microbial cell membranes or interferin...
This is because the functional roles of all individual genetic variants used as MR instruments are unknown (Garbers and Rose-John, 2021). In addition, IL-6 has a diverse repertoire of physiological functions including but not limited to angiogenesis (Barnes et al., 2011) and neurodevelopment (...
Hypersensitivity reactions can be elicited by various factors: either immunologically induced, i.e., allergic reactions to natural or synthetic compounds mediated by IgE, or non-immunologically induced, i.e., activation of mediator release from cells through direct contact, without the induction of, ...
Peroxidation of membrane lipids, predominantly phosphatidylinositole and phosphotidylethanolamine, represents the point of no return during ferroptosis that results in loss of NADPH abundance and synchronized regulated necrosis (SRN) in sensitive organs, such as the renal tubular compartment or the myocardi...
(OH−) via Fenton’s reaction. Such ROS disrupt tissue and cellular integrity via the peroxidation of lipids and the oxidation of nucleic and amino acids [68]. Moreover, plasma oxy-Hb can bind to, and react with, nitric oxide (NO) to produce peroxynitrite (ONOO−) and ferric (Fe3...
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria has been implicated in the pathological process of sepsis. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which play important roles in various homeostatic and inflammatory ...
[28]. Although a similar study has not been performed for any member of the arenaviridae, it is likely that some common host cell proteins are packaged among a wide array of viral classes, and some of these proteins may even play functional roles during viral infection and replication. ...
Natural colors derived from fungus have been demonstrated to be the best substitute of synthetic pigments due to their prompt development, ease of processing, and critical roles in transcription and intercellular communication. By extracting natural colorants from Cassia tora seeds, Eucalyptus sp. and ...
[82] elucidated that the mechanism of oxidative stress induced by ZnO-NPs toxicity in freshwater fish is via the generation of ROS, and then damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, causing cell death. Likewise, Shahzad et al. [19] revealed the occurrence of oxidative stress upon exposure to ...