Fas is a death receptor that mediates one of the major cytotoxic effector mechanisms of the CTLs. Fas is highly expressed in normal human colon epithelial cells but is frequently silenced in colorectal carcinoma, especially in metastatic colorectal carcinoma, suggesting that loss of Fas expression ...
LAG-3 (also known as CD223), the third immune checkpoint applied in clinical practice after CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, is an inhibitory transmembrane receptor found on the surface of effector T cells, regulatory T cells, natural killer cells, activated B cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells ...
Following the activation of certain TLRs and TNFRs (such as TLR4 and CD40), TRAF3 acts as a negative regulator, and its degradation is required for MAPK activation and the regulation of immune effector functions (for example, pro-inflammatory cytokine production). Receptor activation and the form...
process of apoptosis. The executing caspases 3, 6 and 7 are known to induce multiple molecular rearrangements during early apoptosis (for review see [20]). More than 600 substrates of apoptotic caspases have been identified so far. They include intracellular as well as membrane bound molecules. ...
Treg are important immunosuppressive CD+ T cells, and the hyperactivation of Treg has been reported to mitigate the anti-tumour effect of effector cells via the production of TGF-β and IL-10 [120]. Much of the published evidence has shown that Tregs, derived from tumour cells, exhibit an ...
We have thus been able to demonstrate the involvement of miR-18a at various levels of immune evasion mechanisms, including alterations in antigen presentation, dysfunction of effector cells, and subsequent changes to tumor cells. Further, to confirm the role of the Wnt pathway in mediating these ...
of different antigens. In addition, the adaptive immune effector lymphocytes (T and B cells) developimmunological memorythat allows the elimination ofpathogensmore quickly upon a subsequent exposure. Memory responses shorten the subsequent duration of associated functional changes such as reduced mucosal ...
of the restoration of normal physiological programs that induce proliferative arrest, apoptosis, differentiation, and/or cellular senescence. Interestingly, it has recently become apparent that upon oncogene inactivation, the immune response is critical in mediating the phenotypic consequences of oncogene ...
Other studies have reported that several genes in heat-stressed cattle are significantly enriched in immune effector processes, such as OAS2, MX2, IFIT5 and TGFB2 (Liu et al., 2020). In addition, Holstein bull calves showed hyperinsulinemia that was similar to an immune-stimulated status ...
The balance between effector and tolerogenic immune response dictates tumor fate. During the early stages of tumor development, effector immune cells eliminate immunogenic cancer cells. Selected cancer cells that survive progress to clinically detectable tumors adopt different strategies ofperipheral immune to...