accumulation in the limbs. Dyspnea is a common symptom of hypervolemia and can be caused by pulmonary congestion or edema. Monitoring and noting these signs are essential in guidingnursing interventions, promoting optimal client outcomes, and preventing complications such as heart failure and pulmonary...
Some physical exam signs are technically challenging and have variable interoperator reliability. Obesity, valvular heart disease, and impaired right heart function make interpretation of jugular venous distention contentious. These difficulties have led to the proliferation of innumerable techniques to aid ...