How do I transcribe DNA to mRNA and mRNA to protein? Explain chromatin remodeling. What is it and what does it do to DNA? What is the first step in replicating DNA in chromatin form? How are DNA, RNA, and proteins related in the cell?
Before proteins are made using instructions laid out in our genes, our DNA must first be used to create an mRNA sequence known as a "transcript". This transcript is produced using RNA polymerase. This mRNA sequence codes for the amino acids that will be joined...
The DNA sequence that determines whether RNA polymerase binds the promoter is called what? How does RNA polymerase choose its DNA strand to transcribe? Explain how you think a polymerase might have come into existence. Then explain how you think the first polymerase would ...
Therefore, we will create a new sequence with a more informative alphabet. As we now have an unambiguous DNA, we can transcribe it as follows: rna = seq.transcribe()print(rna) Note that the seq constructor takes a string, not a sequence. You will see that the alphabet of the rna ...
The DMD gene is some 2100 kilobases long, and takes 16 hours to transcribe. Note that this is longer than it might take some developing neural cells to divide. What this means is that if cells are replicating faster than they can finish their protein expression, then there are bound to be...
The core principle of mRNA vaccines is to deliver a transcript that encodes a target antigen or immunogen. The RNA synthesis can immediately be carried out on the same platform as soon as the sequence encoding the immunogen is available and the process can be easily scalable and cell-free, ...
This reduces total cDNA yield and the percentage of full-length cDNA, limiting the usefulness of AMV RT to reverse transcribe RNAs longer than ~5kb. Typical RT-PCR conditions include the use of up to 5µg of total RNA or up to 100ng of polyA+ mRNA, 20–30 units of enzyme and a ...
To do both things, the virus needs a special kind of polymerase, the protein that will function as a copying machine for the viral genome. Every living cell, including each of ours, uses polymerases to copy its DNA-based genome and to transcribe its contents (the genes) into RNA-based in...
The mechanism of editing is so far unknown. However, both,cis- andtrans-acting elements have been proposed to play a role. On thecis-acting side sequence elements immediately upstream of the respective site are necessary, putatively serving as binding sites fortrans-acting elements (Bock et al...
DNA/NF-κB complex then recalls other proteins, such as coactivators and RNA polymerase, which transcribe the DNA into mRNA; finally, this mRNA is exported to the cytosol and translated into proteins. This leads to a change in the function of the cell; for example, the cell may begin to ...