Letx(j)refer to thexin ascending order forj= 1, 2, ...,n. Letw(j)refer to the corresponding weights ofx(j); if there are no weights,w(j)= 1. Let N =Σnj=1w(j). To obtain thepth percentile, which we will denote asx[p], we need to find the first indexisuch thatW(i)...
Importing Data in R Importing data in R programming means that we can read data from external files, write data to external files, and can access those files from outside the R environment. File formats like CSV, XML, xlsx, JSON, and web data can be imported into the R environment to ...
In a study measuring K-12 students’ academic performance, missing age values are not related to the students’ GPA scores. The missing age data can be imputed with a median age (for example, 16 to 18 for K-12 students) and move on with concluding the report without affecting its credibi...
Research has shown that digital transformation can increase the market power of downstream firms in supply chains (Vendrell-Herrero et al., 2017). In addition, electronic marketplaces significantly reduce search costs, making it easier for small companies to find suppliers (Bakos, 1997). This ...
In the United States, quant trading positions are most prevalent in big financial hubs such as New York and Chicago, and areas where hedge funds tend to cluster, such as Boston, Massachusetts, and Stamford, Connecticut. Globally, quant traders may find employment opportunities in major financial ...
Why reprex? Getting unstuck is hard. Your first step here is usually to create a reprex, or reproducible example. The goal of a reprex is to package your code, and information about your problem so that others can run it…
This paper uses the bootstrapped GSADF procedure to find explosive real estate price bubbles. A brief overview of this approach is presented below. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller regression, given in equation (1), forms the foundation of the GSADF test(1)ΔPt=αr1,r2+βr1,r2Pt−1+∑i=1k...
The continual reassessment method (CRM) is a model-based design for phase I trials, which aims to find the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of a new therapy. The CRM has been shown to be more accurate in targeting the MTD than traditional rule-based approaches such as the 3 + 3 design...
In contrast to this rather negative view, some scholars suggest and find that cash holdings can be of high strategic value to firms (e.g., Deb et al., 2017; George, 2005; O'Brien and Folta, 2009), and thus increase firm performance. This literature stream is mostly based on the behav...
In general, violin plots are a method of plotting numeric data and can be considered a combination of the box plot with a kernel density plot. In the violin plot, we can find the same information as in the box plots: median (a white dot on the violin plot) interquartile range (the ...