The hole-punch method is the only suitable diffusion technique for aqueous extracts, because interference by particulate matter is much less than with other types of reservoirs. To ensure that the sample does not leak under the agar layer, fixed agar is left on the bottom of the hole (Cole,...
Another constraint on genome expansion is imposed on some viruses by the limits of packaging into a fixed-size capsid [56]. As a result, de novo virus gene evolution is constrained by how much a virus can tolerate fluctuations in its genome size. Without a way to accommodate larger genomes...
The feasibility of using mRNA for passive vaccination was independently confirmed a few months later by Thran et al. in three different disease models: as anti-pathogen therapy (rabies model), as an anti-toxin therapy (botulism model) and as an anti-tumor therapy (lymphoma model) [51]. They...
can also provide post- exposure prophylaxis in nonimmune individuals 74,75 Diphtheria Passive antibodies prevent intoxication; effects on infection are unknown 76 Pertussis Maternal antibodies are effective if present in high titer; passive antibodies have been used 77,78 as therapy, resulting in decrea...
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may lead to acute or chronic hepatitis. HBV infections were previously much more frequent but there are still 240 million chronic HBV carriers today and ca. 620,000 die per year from the late sequelae liver cirrhosi
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may lead to acute or chronic hepatitis. HBV infections were previously much more frequent but there are still 240 million chronic HBV carriers today and ca. 620,000 die per year from the late sequelae liver cirrhosi
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Specifically, antibody responses induced by these plant-derived HA VLPs were much more potent than the wild-type HA-expressing VLPs. Receptor-binding inhibited HA VLPs also incurred less pulmonary inflammation and further reduced the lung virus titer by two log orders lower than the HA wild-type ...
Much has been described on the topics of allergy, autoimmune diseases, and HIV-Aids, however, Elispot can also be applied to other infectious diseases, mainly leishmaniasis, malaria, some viruses, helminths and mycosis usually classified as tropical diseases. The comprehension of the function, ...