Transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins are two major processes underlying gene expression. Due to the distinct molecular mechanisms, timings, and locales of action, these processes are mainly considered to be independent. During the last two decades, however, multiple ...
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a ubiquitous component of the environment that has important effects on a wide range of cell functions. Short-wavelength UVB radiation induces sunburn and is a potent immunomodulator, yet longer-wavelength, lower-energy UVA radiation also has effects on mammalian immunity...
Describe how eukaryotic mRNA is processed before leaving the nucleus. Why is RNA-seq "better" than Microarrays? What are the locations of RNA translation? How do RNA polymerases differ from DNA polymerases? A) Why doesn't RNA polymerase have to proofread, or more specifically why isn't it ...
mRNA 5′ untranslated regions (UTRs), which serve as the entry point for the ribosome during translation, can adopt elaborate RNA secondary and tertiary structures that may regulate translation initiation in a cap-dependent or cap-independent manner. Complex RNA structures in 5′ UTRs, such as ...
2.2. Base modifications improve translation in the spleen in a nanoparticle-dependent manner To determine the influence of mRNA modifications on protein translation, we combinatorially formulated nanoparticles with the four lipids and five modified mRNAs encoding mLuc. Nanoparticles were injected intravenously...
While N-7-methylation is important for stability and translation of the mRNA, the 2′- O-methylation has been shown to antagonize the innate immune response by allowing endogenous mRNAs to escape recognition by immune sensors [97,110]. Notably, 2′-O-me of the first (cap 1) and often ...
Why is there no RNA in the nucleus? How is mRNA splicing regulated? How does splicing of pre-mRNA occur? Describe how the RNA transcript is modified before it can be used to make proteins. Can you explain the DNA-RNA-PROTEIN concept? Why is DNA stable but RNA is not? How do RNA an...
Dmitriev, S. E. et al. Efficient translation initiation directed by the 900-nucleotide-long and GC-rich 5′ untranslated region of the human retrotransposon LINE-1 mRNA is strictly cap dependent rather than internal ribosome entry site mediated.Mol. Cell. Biol.27 ...
Describe how the RNA transcript is modified before it can be used to make proteins. How do I transcribe DNA to mRNA and mRNA to protein? How is RNA therapy given? Why does DNA not form protein directly? Why does DNA depend on RNA?
(tRNA) selection and reduces the translation efficiency in vitro13and in vivo14by 3–15-fold. In mRNA introns, m6A slows splicing and promotes alternative splicing in vivo15. Additionally, m6A reduces the rate of NTP incorporation during DNA replication16and reverse transcription17in vitro by 2...