Intracellular pathogens achieve invasion by entering the host’s cells and reproducing. Some areobligate intracellular pathogens(meaning they can only reproduce inside of host cells) and others arefacultative intracellular pathogens(meaning they can reproduce either inside or outside of host cells). By ...
How do killer T-cells destroy pathogens? How do pathogens evade the innate immune system? How does leprosy reproduce? Why do viruses form an exception to cell theory? How do bacteria protect themselves against infecting bacteriophages? Name and describe both a non-specific and a specific mechanism...
How do communities deal with disease outbreaks? How do epidemics spread? How is the handling of food related to infectious disease? How do pathogens cause the symptoms of an infectious disease? How do pathogens cause infectious disease?
Deadly outbreaks have plagued societies for centuries. But they can lead to medical breakthroughs—if we learn the right lessons from them.
Pathogens, or organisms that cause diseases in the animals they infect, can be passed through the stages of a tick’s life cycle. There are four stages: Egg Larval Nymphal Adult Can ticks fly? Do ticks fly? This is a common question when wondering how they move around. However, ticks ...
See: “How Commensal Gut Bacteria Keep Pathogens in Check” Scientists have known for decades that bacteria use the T6SS to snuff out their non-kin neighbors, or strangers that are invading their territory. But no one imagined that it’s used to kill their siblings, saidBonnie Bassler, a ...
Antimicrobial resistance also occurs over time by new genetic mutation or by horizontal gene transfer. Genetic mutation occurs when bacterial DNA changes, or mutates, to help the bacteria and fungi survive antimicrobial treatment. When mutated pathogens reproduce and outlive the original bacteria, AMR ...
Pathogens embedded within biofilms exhibit a higher resistance to antibiotics than their free-floating counterparts. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain why. Cells in the deep layers of a biofilm are metabolically inactive and may be less susceptible to the action of antibiotics that disru...
This can be anything from predators to parasites to pathogens. One of the biggest advantages of natural methods is that they don’t involve the use of chemicals, reducing potential harm to humans or the environment. Most biological methods, however, are only feasible for small pest invasions ...
are not always correct.SODIShas proven that extended undisturbed exposure to UV light can disinfect pathogens. Water in swift flowing streams is far from undisturbed exposure.Lakes, however, are a different matter. Is it possible that lake water, relatively still and exposed to repeated daily dos...