Even then, however, the G matrix does not necessarily constrain adaptation in the long term: it inevitably changes as new mutations arise, with effects in different directions. Imagine that traits may be influenced by a very large number of sites, n, of which only a much smaller number, 1...
specific immune capacity and memory, while minimizing self-reactivity. Plants, however, lack specialized mobile immune cells. Instead, every plant cell is thought to be capable of launching an effective immune response. So how do plants achieve specific, self-tolerant immunity and establish immune ...
There is also debate on whether there are mitochondrial mutations that have a secondary etiological or pathogenic role in LHON. The specific pattern of the optic neuropathy may arise from a "chokepoint" in the optic nerve in the region of the nerve head and lamina cribosa, and which may be...
How do mutations lead to genetic variation? How does genetic drift contribute to macroevolution? Why is reproductive isolation required for speciation to occur? What is speciation in analytical chemistry? Can speciation occur without geographic isolation?
Do different somatic cells have the same DNA? How is genetic variation maintained in most populations? Explain how mutations in different genes can be associated with a single disease. How is an embryo different than a somatic cell? How do somatic and germ line gene therapy differ?
“ crispr may not be nearly as precise as we thought ,”“ crack in crispr facade after unanticipated in vivo mutations arise ,” and my personal favorite, “ small study finds fatal flaw in gene editing tool crispr .” and then the biotech stocks went into a tailspin. the big three ...
Instead, the investigators discovered that protein mutations linked to drug resistance often arise far from the drug’s target location. These mutations involve alterations that change the movements of a viral protein, or enzyme, that allows the virus to replicate itself. This raises the possibility...
However, according to IBE, phenotypic novelty does not arise from any single mutation: it arises from many mutations that interact with each other at the network level (Livnat 2013, 2017). In accord with the replacement hypothesis, IBE offers how the mechanistic nature of mutation enables such...
Finally, the third level describes a strong purifying selection, where only synonymous mutations are tolerated in the sense ORF. Fig. 1: asORFs are more likely to exist than igORFs of identical lengths and composition. A A hypothetical antisense codon (bottom sequence, orange) can overlap with...
Influenza virus can escape most antibodies with single mutations. However, rare antibodies broadly neutralize many viral strains. It is unclear how easily influenza virus might escape such antibodies if there was strong pressure to do so. Here, we map all single amino-acid mutations that increase ...