These differences imply that formal and informal IOs have different effects and that existing findings in the field are partly artifacts of the specific way IO variables have been operationalized by scholars. Based on this, we offer recommendations for how to improve research practices moving forward...
In this study, the primary dependent variable is thehukouselection of rural members belonging todual-hukoufamilies. This variable is operationalized through the survey question: “If you are qualified, would you be willing to obtain localhukoustatus?” The analysis distinguishes betweendual-hukoufamilie...
Variables Dependent variable In this study, the primary dependent variable is the hukou selection of rural members belonging to dual-hukou families. This variable is operationalized through the sur- vey question: "If you are qualified, would you be willing to obtain local hukou status?" Lu et ...
Thus, in a robustness check, we do not only control for this tariff type but exclude all respondents who are using a time-variant tariff already. Second, as shown in Section 2.2, our two types of dependent variables are closely related. Specifically, the willingness to consume electricity ...
For this reason, some of the couple-years considered for each specific indicator of precariousness are not considered for this cumulative measure. Control variables Controls included whether the OSM’s (male or female) partner had previously been in a co-residential relationship and the woman’s ...
and the results are presented in Table4. The analysis revealed a significant positive interaction effect between digital ability and all three family level SOAC variables (accessibility, application, and expansibility). In other words, stronger digital ability amplified the positive benefits that older...
Once internal threat intelligence sources are defined and operationalized, the company can start thinking about adding external information into its existing workflows. It’s a question of trust External threat intelligence sources vary in trust levels: ...
These non-parametric tests do not make strong assumptions about the distribution of or other specific characteristics of the data and are thus suitable for our non-normally distributed variables. We report the results of these two non-parametric tests as the primary findings. As an additional ...
(VIF) was used to examine the potential for multicollinearity among independent variables. All variables had VIF values less than 3.0. VIF values above 3.0 are regarded as indicating multicollinearity (Hair et al.,2019). The most extreme VIF value among the independent variables was 2.32, which ...
These functions of total utility, acquisition utility, and transaction utility are adopted from Lichtenstein et al. (1990). Prior studies that have proved the operationalization and measurements of IS-related variables as a second-order representation (Appendix B) have also formulated the subdimensions...