There are four categories of macromolecules or biological molecules that are necessary for life. The four classes of macromolecules are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.Answer and Explanation: Proteins are similar to polysaccharides in a myriad of ways. Both of these are biological ma...
The ability ofS. mutansto exert its pathogenicity is largely attributed to the production of EPS. EPS, a major component of biofilms38, consists of extracellular proteins, extracellular DNA, and lipoteichoic acid39. The primary component of EPS is glucan, which is synthesized by Gtf40, providing...
The ability ofS. mutansto exert its pathogenicity is largely attributed to the production of EPS. EPS, a major component of biofilms38, consists of extracellular proteins, extracellular DNA, and lipoteichoic acid39. The primary component of EPS is glucan, which is synthesized by Gtf40, providing...
We frame central issues regarding determination of protein-level variation and PTMs, including some paradoxes present in the field today. We use this framework to assess existing data and to ask the question, “How many distinct primary structures of proteins (proteoforms) are created from the 20...
The genetic code sets the correspondence between the sequence of a given nucleotide triplet in an mRNA molecule, called a codon, and the amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. With four bases (A, G, U, and C), there are 64 possible triplet cod...
An enzyme called protease cuts the polypeptides into viral proteins. Budding: New HIV particles pinch out from the cell membrane and break away with a piece of the cell membrane surrounding them. This is how enveloped viruses leave the cell. In this way, the host cell is not destroyed. The...
Inteins are nature's escape artists; they facilitate their excision from flanking polypeptides (exteins) concomitant with extein ligation to produce a mature host protein. Splicing requires sequential nucleophilic displacement reactions catalyzed by strategies similar to proteases and asparagine lyases. ...
Protein synthesis takes place in ribosomes.On cytoplasmic ribosomes, all structural and useful proteins (enzymes) encoded by nuclear DNA are produced. In the chromosomes of the nucleus, messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are synthesized from the DNA codes....
These reprogrammed cells are named induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. When these Yama- naka factors are introduced into mouse embryonic fibro- blasts, they form the dome-shaped colony that can be maintained similar to ES cells and these reprogrammed cells can colonize a host animal when ...
Comparing to a generic two-state model, our models can distinguish class I from class II MHCs and correlate their structural parameters with the TCR/pMHC’s potency to trigger T cell activation. The models are tested by mutagenesis using an MHC and a TCR mutated to alter conformation changes....