How do researchers turn stem cells into different types of cells in a laboratory? Describe how cells attach to the extracellular matrix (ECM). How are plasmids introduced into mammalian cells? Describe how eukaryotic cells are believed to have evo...
We are currently lacking a comprehensive mechanism that explains and unifies the multiple roles of CP based on its interactions with the other core components of branched actin networks. Here, we combine electron cryo-microscopy (Cryo-EM) with in vitro reconstitution and cell biology to establish ...
How many genes are controlled by super-enhancers compared to the total number of genes expressed in these cells?Gene regulationGene regulation is the process of controlling when, where, and how much genes are expressed. The process is intricate and is...
Plasmids encoding HPIV3 HN and F were generated through site-directed mutagenesis of a previously constructed pCAGGS mammalian expression vector53 and sequenced via Sanger sequencing prior to experimental use. Transfections with plasmids were performed in HEK293T cells (ATCC) using Lipofectamine 2000 per...
Nevertheless, it is reported that in some thermophilic Archaea (28) and mammalian breast cancer cells (31) that SdhE/SDHAF2 are not required for flavinylation. These findings are somewhat surprising since the X-ray structures show that the binding of SdhE/SDHAF2 provide important constraints to...
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as critical mediators of intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment (TME), profoundly influencing cancer progression. These nano-sized vesicles, released by both tumor and stromal cells, carry a di
However, the individual gene expression level of each of these thousands of genes are highly heterogenous providing cells with a wide range of possible combinations. Therefore, a significant part of the phenotypic variation observed in CHO cells may be caused not by different genes being expressed ...
The granulocytes and macrophages are the first cells that participate in the activation of the innate immune response. Shortly afterwards, the DCs and natural killer cells are activated. Specifically, neutrophils produce antimicrobial proteins, such as LL37, alpha and beta defensins, enzymes [15], ...
Calyx terminals could be readily identified in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) of these slices via the co-expressed fluorescent proteins, and were confirmed by immunostaining for synaptotagmin-2 (Syt2; Sun et al., 2007; Figure 1C). We then patched postsynaptic MNTB neurons ...
Flower colour variation is one of the most crucial selection criteria in the breeding of a flowering pot plant, as is also the case for azalea (Rhododendron simsii hybrids). Flavonoid biosynthesis was studied intensively in several species. In azalea, fl