Plant hormones, also known as phytohormones, are chemicals that regulate plant cell processes. They are signal molecules produced within the plant functioning in extremely low concentrations. Related Subjects Auxin Brassinosteroid Cytokinin Gibberellins ...
Modern view for the hormones is that a hormone is any substance that acts at the cellular level to initiate, stop, or modulate a cellular process, and they include all chemical messengers synthesized by the body that act by binding with high affinity to target cells within the same individual...
Steroid hormones, vitamins, and thyroid hormone are potent chemical messengers that exert dramatic effects on cell differentiation, homeostasis, and morphogenesis. These molecules, though diverse in structure, share a mechanistically similar mode of action. The effector molecules diffuse across cellular ...
Hormones exert many actions in the brain, and brain cells are also hormonally active. To reach their targets in brain structures, hormones must overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a unique device selecting desired/undesired molecules to reach or leave the brain, and it is comp...
Emerging evidence suggests that the novel Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is deadlier for men than women both in China and in Europe. Male sex is a ris
80 whereas in the mouse E2 inhibits EC antigen presentation.81 Mature DCs are character- ized by high production of IL-1284 that facilitates the development of gamma interferon producing Th1 cells.85 Estrogen has been shown to modulate the expression of cytokines and chemokines in human monocyte-...
and reproduction are all possible because of hormones and the processes mediated by their actions. This review elaborates on the organs that secret the specific hormone, the actions of the hormone, and where these actions occur. Also, it reviews several of the most common endocrine diseases invol...
The response to exercise also has a time element: short-term studies might show a degree of tissue damage, whereas longer term studies are more likely to show benefits. Our own work in this area was stimulated by the observations made by us and others that the transcriptional coactivator PGC...
### Introduction Intercellular chemical transmission is mediated by various types of molecules including peptide hormones and neuropeptides which are important messengers in the regulation of homeostatic functions and behavior (1). Peptide messengers are quite different from the classical neurotransmitters ...
chemical introduction of artificial glycans on peptide hormones64,65,66,67, and interestingly all studies find—very much in line with what we show here for the naturally occurring O-glycans—that the analogs chemically modified with artificial glycan structures are less or equally potent in in ...