For Free energy close to zero, it suggests that the system is close to being in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, where the rates of forward and backward reactions are balanced. In such cases, even small changes in conditions, such as temperature or pressure, may affect the stability and...
This means that the number of particles “populating” higher energy levels is greater than the number of particles at lower energy levels. Under ordinary conditions of thermal equilibrium, the reverse is true—the population of lower levels is greater than that of higher levels. In case of a ...
there is research interest in utilizing formic acid as a hydrogen storage material. The reaction employs ruthenium catalysts that are dissolved in water, which selectively decompose formic acid into hydrogen and carbon dioxide in an aqueous solution. The stability and lifetime of the catalyst, togethe...
While utilizing the phase-field method to capture the melting of metal during welding, the underlying work considers the phase-change effects in both the thermal and the mechanical analysis. In particular, it considers phase-field-dependent material properties, such that the model domain is divided ...
Quasi - chemical approximation of the lattice gas model assumes that the adsorbate maintains an equilibrium distribution on the surface. The lattice gas model with this approximation was used for the description of the reaction of gases on metal surfaces. Among the studied reactions was the steady ...
a demand for increasing accuracy dictated that the process parameters of "carbon potential" and "reaction rate" at the surface be introduced. Depending on the values being measured, the mathematical relationships and the other process values, the variation of C may thus be precalculated, with the...
Fig.2f; it can be seen that the rate of phase transition increases as the temperature decreases under the same CO2pressure. We also investigated the dependence of the rate of phase transition on the pressure at 227 K, as shown in Fig.2g,h, and found that the rate of structural ...
The main challenge of gas-phase and liquid-phase DMTM is to preserve the formed methanol, stabilizing it to prevent further oxidation, since the reaction medium conditions are aggressive and usually promote methanol degradation. In this context, supercritical DMTM conducted in supercritical water (SCW...
Figure 2 shows a schematic illustration of gas-liquid and crystal-solution interfaces for mass transfer of gas through the bulk phase to the crystal surface in a hydrate forming system. At the gas–liquid interface, the gas and liquid phases are at equilibrium at the system temperature and ...
Given that no chemical reaction or combustion are involved in the proposed system, the chemical exergy of each stream is assigned zero value, except in the topping KC, where species concentration differs between streams, hence chemical exergy and total exergy. Stream physical and chemical exergies...