DNA ligase joins theDNA moleculecovalently by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides. The final phosphodiester linkage between the 5’-phosphate group on the DNA chain synthesized by DNA polymerase III and the 3’-hydroxyl group on the chain made by DNA polymeras...
Prokaryotic enzymes utilize either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a cofactor, whereas viral, archael, and eukaryotic DNA ligases use ATP almost exclusively. Eukaryotic ATP-dependent DNA ligases are subdivided into three families with members of the DNA ligase III ...
levels of TCA biosynthesis genes in the meristem and maturation zones (Fig.3a). We found spatially distinctive distribution patterns of several classes of TCA biosynthesis genes (Fig.3a). In particular,ACONITASE(ACO),SUCCINATE-COENZYME A LIGASE(SCL),SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE(SDH), andFUMARASE(FUM) ...
In turn, the phosphorylated Ci protein is recognized and ubiquitinated by Slimb-Cul1 E3 ligase to partially degrade into a truncated form of Ci (Ci-75), which enters into the nucleus and acts as a repressor to inhibit the expression of target genes [8,9,10]. In the presence of Hh, ...
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has emerged as an abundant modification throughout the transcriptome with widespread functions in protein-coding and noncoding RNAs. It affects the fates of modified RNAs, including their stability, splicing, and/or translation,
Glutathione (GSH) is the main intracellular antioxidant in mammals and is synthesized by glutamate, cysteine and glycine under the catalysis of glutamine cysteine ligase (GCL) and glutathione synthesis (GSS)[23]. Because the intracellular concentration of cysteine is limited, it is regarded as the ...
Classical NHEJ in vertebrates involves a heterodimer of Ku proteins, the catalytic subunits of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKCS), Artemis, Cernunnos-XLF and XRCC4/ligase DNA IV complex. This classical pathway may be assisted by DNA polymerases mu and lambda. Last 2 years brought new ...
Next, enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are produced from enhancer regions and may work by influencing the 3-dimensional (3D) organization of DNA, also known as “chromatin interactions”. One hypothesized model of action is that these lncRNAs may possibly work as “tethers” as they may not be released...
of protein complexes, the competition for protein interactions, allosteric effects on other enzymes, subcellular targeting, and DNA binding. This rich repertoire often is used to coordinate phosphorylation events and enhance the specificity of substrate phosphorylation, but also can adopt functions that ...
This activation leads to heightened levels of p21 and the preservation of the DNA damage response.dUpper: Structure of EZH2 with domain WDB, WD-40 binding domain; D1, domain 1; D2, domain 2; CXC, Cys-rich domain; SET, catalytic domain of EZH2. Lower: The mechanistic role of EZH2 as ...